Photo Credit: sapiensman/old_pictures/New_York4%20(Woolworth).JPG

1. American Society in the 1920s For the first time in American history, more people lived in urban areas than rural areas. Change centered in the cities, then “trickled down” to rural society. New York CityCirca 1920 Photo Credit: http://www.sapiensman.com/old_pictures/New_York4%20(Woolworth).JPG

2. Technological advances changed our behavior and our expectations. • Electric lights allowed people to work late and go out for entertainment. Original Edison light bulb. Photo Credit: http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/doc-content/images/edison-patent-light-bulb-m.jpg and http://xroads.virginia.edu/~class/am485_98/brady/Edison/miracle.html

3. Radio led to the creation of a “mass media” society where everyone received the same information at the same time. “NBC” and “CBS” were born at this time. • Some say this destroyed individuality and turned us into a society of conformists – a group of people that think and act the same. Photo Credit: http://www.pastforward.ca/images/radio.jpg and http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_radio_3_m.jpg

4. Household appliances – made it easier to cook and clean, but also changed our standards for cooking and cleanliness. Hoover Model 700, 1926 Air-Way Sanitizer, 1920 Photo Credit: http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2000/vacuum/History.htm

5. Photo Credits: http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.historychannel.com/exhibits/modern/fridge.html

6. Armstrong Electrical Co. Perc-o-Toaster Photo Credits: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug00/rekas/attic/wash.htm , http://www.mondakheritagecenter.org/images/history/toast20s.jpg and http://www.toaster.org/images/toasters/perc-o-toaster.jpeg

7. The aviation industry grew rapidly after the Wright brothers’ successful flight at Kitty Hawk in 1903. After WWI the government supported the development of airplanes and airports for use in delivering the mail. Air mail plane of the 1920s Photo Credit: http://www.alexisparkinn.com/photogallery/3%20men%20starting%20airmail%20plane.jpg

8. The successful trans-Atlantic flight of Charles Lindbergh led to popular support for commercial flying. Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis Photo Credit: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1929/lindbergh.jpg

9. Charles Lindbergh’s May 20-21, 1927 transatlantic flight simply seemed to sum up this decade of tremendous societal change. Photo Credit: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1929/lindbergh.jpg

10. The adoption of the moving assembly line by carmaker Henry Ford divided the manufacture of the car into single, simple tasks that any unskilled worker could do. ● The first Model T sold in 1908 for $850. By 1925, one Model T was produced every 10 seconds and the price was reduced to $295. ● The Model T was also called the “Tin Lizzie.”

11. 1908 Model T Ford’s first factory. . Henry Ford with the Model T. Photo Credit: http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/history_articles/ford.htm

12. Automobiles led to growth of the suburbs as people could live farther from their jobs. This also led to traffic “congestion” in the cities as people traveled to and from work. The “automobile” created millions of jobs, not just in the automobile factory … -aluminum production - glass production - car sales - service stations - road materials - road building - tourist stops - mo-tels … just to name a few!!!

13. Model T assembly line in 1913. (Highland Park, Michigan) 1920s traffic Photo Credit: http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/history_articles/ford.htm and http://www.knowitall.org/schistory/Images/HistoryPics/SC-E40key.jpg and http://www.isennockauction.com/2006/june/17/Mail0002.JPG

14. Photo Credit: http://www.laheritage.org/AgeOfMechanization/Color/Mech53.jpg and http://www.artistsdomain.com/dev/eere/web/images/timeline/1920/motel.jpg

15. The mass production and consumption of consumer goods greatly increased societal wealth. Consumer credit (charging things) increased the feeling of prosperity as consumers bought things and planned to pay for them in the future. Advertisements played upon the emotions of consumers and manipulated them into purchasing even more.

16. Photo Credit: http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/427ads/listerine.jpgand http://homepage.ntlworld.com/munwai/lhtoaster%201931.jpg

17. Photo Credit: http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Arrow-Shirts-Advertising-c-1920-Posters_i844819_.htm and http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/adaccess/BH/BH06/BH0645-72dpi.jpeg and http://istil.univ-lyon1.fr/images/productique/lizzie.jpg

18. Even workers in the factories prospered as their wages grew during the decade and they began to buy stock and receive benefits at work. As Americans began to work less hours, yet earn more pay, they had time to pursue entertainment (each with its own particular hero) .

19. Jack Dempsey Babe Ruth Photo Credit: http://www.turtletrader.com/images/babe-ruth-swing.jpg and http://www.espace-martial.com/album/data/media/19/jack_dempsey.jpg

20. 1920s Football Photo Credit: http://www.prcc.edu/history/sports/1923football_2.jpg and http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/whq/35.4/images/rader_fig01b.jpg

21. The writers of the 1920s were often critical of the modern world and modern man, which they viewed with disillusion as empty, hollow, tragic, conforming or “lost.” Some of these writers left America to live in Europe and are called “The Lost Generation.” Writers to know are Author Ernest HemingwayAuthor F. Scott FitzgeraldAuthor Gertrude SteinPoet T. S. EliotPlaywright Eugene O’Neill

22. Gertrude Stein Ernest Hemingway Photo Credit: http://catalog.knox.edu/archives/rare_books/hemingway.jpg and http://www.thirdfactory.net/images/stein.jpg

23. Movies … were new … … and there was little censorship, so they were very risque. Silent film “megastar” Theda Bara as Cleopatra in “dubious costume.” Photo Credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ThedaBara-Cleopatra.jpg/290px-ThedaBara-Cleopatra.jpg

24. Movie scenes such as these from Rudolph Valentino’s “Sheik” and “The Son of the Sheik” were very “racy.” Photo Credit: http://www.assumption.edu/ahc/1920s/Eugenics/Klan.html

25. Some women went to work – most jobs were “lower” level white collar, clerical jobs. Telephone OperatorCirca 1920 Secretary typing documents.Circa 1920 Photo Credit: http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/media/Jp7QWpHA2GZ.jpg and http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/thc/5a43000/5a43600/5a43609r.jpg

26. Some women went to college. “In 1921 there 4 women in the Physics department <at MIT>, Evelyn (Clift) McKnight, Elzura Chandler, Louise Eyre, and Dorothy Weeks …” See http://www.mit-amita.org/esr/prewar.html

27. The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote. Suffragettes celebrating the 19th Amendment,August 31, 1920 Photo Credit: http://www2.una.edu/womensstudies/images/suffragettes.jpg

28. Women had more disposable income, thus more freedom. “Flappers” represented the new, modern young woman who earned her own money and had fun. Traditionalists viewed the flappers as morally “loose” and the fundamentalist movement used the flapper movement as one of the potential danger of “social progress” Photo Credit: http://digilander.libero.it/twenties/Immagini/JPG/jazzbaby.jpg

29. However, the modern girl’s ultimate goal was still … to find a husband. Photo Credit: http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v653/iseriouslyhateyou/flappers.jpg

30. African Americans • continued the Great Migration North after WWI, mainly to Chicago, St. Louis, New York City, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, Washington DC, Cleveland, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Boston, doubling the African American population of these cities by 1920. • African Americans who remained in the South continued to farm as farm owners, tenants or share croppers.

31. African Americans • SomeAfrican Americans attended college, held higher paying jobs and were elected to public office. Most held undesirable low paying jobs and lived in substandard housing. • Race riots increased as African Americans moved Northward. • For protection, African Americans formed “cities within cities” (such as Harlem).

32. African Americans "From 1920 until about 1930 an unprecedented outburst of creative activity among African Americans occurred in all fields of art. Beginning as a series of literary discussions in the lower Manhattan (Greenwich Village) and upper Manhattan (Harlem) sections of New York City, this African American cultural movement became known as "The New Negro Movement" and later as the Harlem Renaissance. More than a literary movement and more than a social revolt against racism, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African Americans and redefined African American expression.” Text Credit: http://www.africanamericans.com/HarlemRenaissance.htm

33. “Blues” (1929) Archibald Motley Photo Credit: http://images.amazon.com/images/G/covers/0/81/098/128/0810981289.l.gifhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/arts/motley.html

34. Poet Langston Hughes Entertainer Josephine Baker Musician Louis Armstrong Photo Credit: http://www.queenslibrary.org/branches/Langston_Hughes/Images/6.jpghttp://drlarryross.bizland.com/Josephine_Baker.jpghttp://www.yellow-springs.k12.oh.us/ys-mls/_borders/armstrong.jpg

35. Text Credit: http://www.empire.k12.ca.us/capistrano/Mike/capmusic/modern/american%20composers/ellington/elld006.jpg and http://image.com.com/mp3/images/cover/200/drg700/g729/g72939zh2ls.jpg and http://nfo.net/usa/cotton.jpg

36. WWI showed African Americans that blacks had rights in other countries. “African Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage and to become the “New Negro” – someone who exhibited cultural pride and determination to be assertive in work, politics, the military, arts and letters.

37. Text Credit: http://www.ashp.cuny.edu/video/images/up10-11_demo.jpg

38. Spurred into action, the NAACP lobbied for Congress to pass an anti-lynching law. Though Congress failed to pass the law, the continued efforts of the NAACP did raise public awareness of the issue and reduce the number of lynchings that took place.

39. Intellectual Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) which promoted black pride and unity. Garvey advocated education and separation from whites. Photo Credit: http://www.ladedios.com.ar/images/MARCUS-GARVEY_0.jpg

40. Believing that justice would always be denied to blacks in America, Garvey proposed to lead his followers to Liberia, Africa. Though Garvey’s proposals were not widely accepted, he did inspire African Americans with a sense of pride which played a vital role in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Photo Credit: http://www.ladedios.com.ar/images/MARCUS-GARVEY_0.jpg

41. As during the Progressive Era, advancements for African Americans were motivated and achieved by African Americans within African American communities. The U.S. government did not officially play a role in protecting or assisting African Americans.

42. Mexican Americans • SomeMexican Americans attended college, held higher paying jobs and were elected to public office. In Texas, about 15% of Tejanos were considered “middle class.”Most, however, held undesirable low paying jobs, lived in poor housing and had little ability to move. • A small group of Mexican American bourgeoisie (professionals) encouraged the celebration of Mexican heritage and culture. (This did not grow like the Harlem Renaissance.)

43. Mexican Americans Mexican American women working in a cannery. Photo Credit: http://www.lib.msu.edu/coll/main/chavez/mlmv.htmhttp://www.ilstu.edu/~keciani/Assignments/History%20262%20Assignments.htm

44. Industrial Workers • did not initially prosper but did so as the decade progressed. • The production of consumer goods could not keep up with demand in the early 1920s. Prices rose but wages did not keep up with prices. Workers went on strike for higher wages. • Mainstream America blamed the strikes on the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia leading to a widespread fear of communist revolution in America (the Red Scare).

45. European Americans • The Red Scare made European Americans targets of racism and discrimination. • Laws (such as the Johnson Reed Immigration Act of 1924) were passed to limit their immigration and suppress their cultures. • European immigrants determined to fight discrimination earned citizenship in great numbers and began voting. Photo Credit: http://www.darienps.org/teachers/jburt/apus/approject2/1920a/bad_files/image004.jpg

46. Farmers • Though prosperous early in the decade, farmers became less so as the decade progressed. • Farm production remained high (due to mechanization) though the demand for food from Europe decreased. • Too much supply = low prices. No profit for the farmer.