Westward Expansion!

1. Westward Expansion!

2. Westward Expansion • Frederick Douglass published his own antislavery newspaper, known as the • North Star • The name given to Settlers going west to California seeking gold. • Forty-Niners • Who is the most famous “conductor” of the Underground Railroad? • Harriet Tubman • What is the name of the act responsible for the Trail of Tears? • Indian Removal Act • What is Manifest Destiny? • idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific • What more than doubled the nation's size and opened up a little known region • Louisiana Purchase • How many States were in the Union in 1821 • 23 • By 1845 how many Americans were in California? • 700 • What treaty ended the War with Mexico • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Why did Mexico break diplomatic relations with the United States? • Because Texas voted to join the U.S. • By 1850 about how many free African Americans lived in the North? • 200,000 • This amendment to a statehood agreement, prohibits slavery in the majority of the Louisiana Territory • Missouri Compromise • H • H • H • H • H • h

3. Notes • Westward Expansion • between 1791 and 1803 Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio admitted as States. • Louisiana Purchase - doubles size of the US • End War of 1812 = quicker expansion • Six new states by 1821 Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and Missouri.

4. Notes • At first settlers /pioneers- settled with those of similar cultures by waterways for trade purposes. • Indiana =southern migrants • Michigan = New Englanders • strong sense of cooperation and community in the West

5. Notes • Majority of Americans believed in Manifest Destiny • idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific Ocean • Late settlers to the Midwest set out for California and Oregon • other nations had already claimed parts of these lands.

6. Notes • California was a frontier province of Mexico. • Because few Mexicans wanted to live in California, the local government welcomed foreign settlers. • By 1845, more than 700 Americans were there. • Mexican -suspicious about their national loyalties.

7. Notes • 1840s -several east-to-west routes had been carved • Oregon Trail • California Trail • Santa Fe Trail. • Plains Indians -see threat to their way of life. • Feared buffalo herds would die off or migrate elsewhere.

8. Notes • In 1851, -Treaty of Fort Laramie • Ensure peace. • Eight Plains Indian groups agreed to specific geographic boundaries • United States promised that the defined territories would belong to them forever. • White settlers still advanced across the plains

9. The Louisiana Purchase • Napoleon offered all of Louisiana • The Deal- April 30, 1803 • $15 million • French get exclusive commercial rights in New Orleans • Residents = citizens • Unclear boundaries = “same extent” as under Spain & France

10. The Louisiana Purchase

11. Lewis & Clark

12. Lewis & Clark • Jefferson wanted to explore the continent • Geography & trade • 1803 helped to plan an expedition • Meriwether Lewis • William Clark • The Corps of Discovery • 4 dozen men & Sacajawea • Late 1805 reached Pacific • Sept. 1806 back in St. Louis

13. Lewis & Clark

14. Lewis & Clark

15. Conflicts with Indians • William Henry Harrison • 1801 Gov. of Indiana territory • American policy for Indians • Assimilate & become farmers • Move West of the Mississippi River • Tensions between the US & Britain • Canada thought an invasion likely • Wanted to build alliances with Indians

16. Conflicts with Indians • Tenskwatawa • Known as the Prophet • Preached about the sinfulness of whites & superior virtues of Indian civilizations • Religious commonality lead to efforts for political & military unity • Tecumseh - Brother to Tenskwatawa • Leader of Shawnees

17. Conflicts with Indians- Tecumseh • Believed only united efforts by Indians could stop advance of whites • 1809- attempted to unite all Indians of Miss. Valley • Treaties weren’t valid because individual tribes couldn’t cede land which belonged to all of the tribes

18. Conflicts with Indians- Tecumseh • Tecumseh speaking to Harrison • “The Great Spirit gave this great island to his red children. He placed the whites on the other side of the big water. They were not contented with their own, but came to take ours from us. They have driven us from the sea to the lakes- we can go no farther.”

20. Conflicts with Indians • Tecumseh traveled south in 1811 to encourage the southern tribes to support the confederacy • Harrison attacked in the battle of Tippecanoe - Nov. 1811 • Burned the town • Disillusioned Indians because the Prophet’s magic didn’t protect them

21. Notes • Texas • Mexico had encouraged Americans to settle the Mexican region of Texas • which at the time was part of the state of Coahuila. • Refused to follow Mexico’s conditions for settling the region. • Mexico closed its borders in 1830 • The Alamo (Mission church) • Texas voted in favor of joining the US

22. Notes • Texas’s entry into the Union upset the Mexican government • Broke diplomatic relations with the United States. • Disputed Texas’s southwestern border. • Our ideas to purchase California made matters worse

23. Notes • War with Mexico • Ends-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Gave the US more than 500,000 square miles of territory • California, Nevada, and Utah, as well as most of Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. • Accepted the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas • US paid Mexico $15 million

24. Notes • With Oregon and the former Mexican territories under the American flag, the dream of Manifest Destiny had been realized.

25. Notes • Slavery and westward expansion • Demand for slave labor rises as cotton plantations boosted the Southern economy • Congress outlawed the slave trade in 1808 • However, between 1820 and 1850, the number of enslaved persons in the South rose from about 1.5 million to nearly 3.2 million • 37 percent of the total Southern population. • By 1850 Almost 200,000 free African Americans lived in the North -slavery outlawed • Still were not embraced there either.

26. Notes • Growing sectional disputes –differing opinions over slavery. • 1819 Missouri’s application for statehood • Problem- should slavery expand westward. • 1819 -11 free and 11 slave states. • Could upset the balance of political power in the Senate • Missouri requested admission as a slave state

27. Notes • The House of Rep. passed a resolution banning slaveholders from bringing enslaved people into Missouri as a condition of statehood. • Southern blocked • 1820 Maine seeks statehood. • The Senate decided to combine Maine’s request with Missouri’s • Maine admitted -free state /Missouri -slave state.

28. Notes • The Senate added an amendment to the statehood agreement- prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory • Missouri Compromise • Allow slavery to expand into Arkansas territory south of Missouri • Keeping slavery out of the rest of the Louisiana Purchase. • Southerners agreed, viewing this Northern region as unsuitable for farming anyway.

29. Notes • Almost derailed--Pro-slavery members of the Missouri constitutional convention added a clause to the proposed state constitution prohibiting free African Americans from entering the state. This mindset shows how temporary this compromise will be!!

30. Notes • The Abolitionist Movement • Many of the country’s founders knew that the nation would have difficulty remaining true to its ideals of liberty and equality if it continued to enslave human beings. • Frederick Douglass- escaped slavery in Maryland- published his own antislavery newspaper, the North Star • Sojourner Truth -gained freedom in 1827 when New York freed all remaining enslaved persons -antislavery speeches attracted huge crowds

31. Notes • Many Northerners joined the call for emancipation. • The South continued to defend Slavery – was necessary to sustain their way of life. – largely based on agriculture • 1848 the Free-Soil Party is formed “Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men,” • 1849, over 80,000 “Forty- Niners” had arrived in California • decided to seek statehood

32. Notes • California applied to enter the Union as a free state in 1849 • Current-15 free states and 15 slave states • talk of secession begins

33. Notes • Attempts to stop the threat of secession • Compromise of 1850 • Measures intended to assure the South that the North would not try to abolish slavery after California joined the Union. • California admitted to the Union as a free state • Popular sovereignty to determine slavery issue in Utah and New Mexico territories • The Fugitive Slave Act

34. Notes

35. Notes Compromise of 1850 (cont) • The Fugitive Slave Act • a slaveholder - allege runaway- taken into custody -no right to testify - no way to prove if they had legally earned their freedom • required federal marshals to assist slave catchers - could deputize citizens to help • ALL CITIZENS WERE REQUIRED TO TURN IN KNOWN SLAVES! • In his 1849 essay “Civil Disobedience,” Henry David Thoreau wrote that if the law “requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then I say, break the law.”

36. Notes • Underground Railroad • network of abolitionists • helped thousands of enslaved persons flee north • The most famous “conductor” was Harriet Tubman • Levi Coffin - Allowed runaways to stay at his homes in Indiana and Ohio @3,300 • Major stop on the railroad was Cincinnati, Ohio home of Harriett Beecher Stowe who writes Uncle Tom’s Cabin

37. Notes • Stowe’s book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, • had such a dramatic impact on public opinion that many historians consider it a cause of the Civil War. Showed the American people the true depiction of slavery and split the country. • LINK

38. Notes • More westward expansion = more slavery issues • A northern or southern route for the railroad? • new territory to be called Nebraska • South opposed unless they repealed part of the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in the new territory

39. Notes • Kansas-Nebraska Act - May 1854 • Split the territory into Nebraska probable Free and Kansas probable Slave (popular sovereignty) • “Bleeding Kansas” Northerners moved into Kansas to create an antislavery majority • thousands of armed Missourians— “border ruffians” -crossed in to vote illegally, electing a pro-slavery legislature • antislavery settlers wrote their own constitution -prohibited slavery • 1856-Kansas had two governments/constitutions • border ruffians began attacks–virtual territorial civil war over 200 killed

40. Notes

41. Harpers Ferry • In October 1859, the U.S. military arsenal at Harpers Ferry was the target of an assault by an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown (Terrorist or Martyr?). The raid was intended to be the first stage in an elaborate plan to arm the slaves and start a revolt against the south. Brown was captured during the raid and later convicted of treason and hanged, but the raid inflamed white Southern fears of slave rebellions and increased the mounting tension between Northern and Southern states before the American Civil War (1861-65). • (Link)

42. Notes More troubles • Dred Scott v. Sandford- Free or not? • Dred Scott was a Missouri slave who had been taken north to work in free territory for several years. After he returned with his slaveholder to Missouri, Scott sued to end his slavery, arguing that living in free territory had made him a free man • 1857 - Supreme Court -ruled against Scott -not citizens and therefore could not sue in the courts

43. Notes Dred Scott (cont) • In addition, this decision declared that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories. • It is a stain on the court to this day • The Dred Scott decision was overturned by the 13th and 14th Amendments

44. Notes • Indian Removal Act • Signed by Jackson in 1830 • helped the states relocate them to uninhabited areas west of the Mississippi R • Cherokee -appealed to the Supreme Court • They won in two decisions, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832). • Jackson refused to carry out the decision

45. 1838 Van Buren, Jackson’s successor, sent in the army to forcibly move the Cherokee • 2,000 Cherokee died in camps while awaiting removal • Trail of Tears -about 2,000 more died of starvation, disease, and exposure. • Missionary-minded religious groups and a few members of Congress, like Henry Clay, declared that Jackson’s policies toward Native Americans stained the nation’s honor. • –By 1838 the majority of Native Americans still living east of the Mississippi had been forced onto government reservations.