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Explore the historical context and significant events of Thomas Jefferson's presidency in 1800, including key policies, challenges, and the impact on society and economy.
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Welcome Back! • Agenda and Objective: Students will continue to write group essay on New Nation Period. • For Wednesday: Read the article on the election of 1800. You will be quizzed on it. Focus on if it was a “Revolution” or not as well as compare it to the 1796 election.
Remember contextualization: Set the scene in your opening paragraph. • Complex Thesis Statement • Historical examples to defend argument • Synthesis: So What? Can you make connections to other time periods? Other geographic areas? Or other circumstance? Essay helpful hints
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer… • Give examples of ways Jefferson upheld Federalist policies • Give examples of reversing Federalist policy • Why was John Marshall important? • Why was the Louisiana Purchase significant? (4) • Who is this Aaron Burr Guy? • Agenda and Objective: through note review, students will identify major events and themes during Jefferson’s Presidency.
Bell Ringer: Complete question on the election of 1800 • Agenda and Objective: 1. Students will peer edit their group essays • 2. Through note review students will identify key points of Jefferson’s presidency Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer: Read and analyze Jefferson’s Inaugural speech. What does he mean when he says “We are all Federalists, We are all Republicans.” • Agenda and Objective: Through note review will identify key points of Jefferson’s presidency (Domestic and Foreign Policy issues) Welcome Back!
In 1800, the USA was a new & weak nation sharing North America with other European powers Spain controlled the most territory in North America with valuable cities like Mexico City, New Orleans, St Louis, & Los Angeles But, Spain’s hold on these territories was slipping British Canada was sparsely populated, but its control over the fur trade & Great Lakes frustrated westward-bound Americans North America in 1800 France ruled Haiti & gained Louisiana from Spain in 1801 during the Napoleonic Wars Russia dominated the fur trade in Alaska
By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly involved in agriculture The Southern economy was dominated by rice & tobacco cultivation Cotton production entrenched the South’s “need” for slaves & expedited Northern industrialism Cotton quickly became the dominant Southern crop of the 19th century The U.S. Economy in 1800 Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 allowed for a cotton boom in the South
By 1800, industrialization was just beginning in America The Northern economy was more diverse than the South, but most Americans were involved in cultivating livestock & grains By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly involved in agriculture Boston, NY, Philadelphia relied on international trade, otherwise cities played a marginal role (only 5% of Americans lived in cities) The U.S. Economy in 1800
The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Chapter 11
Election of 1800 • Federalists ran John Adams • Strong central government and law and order • Weakened by Alien and Sedition Acts, peace with France and split with Hamilton • Democratic-Republicans ran Thomas Jefferson • Agrarian, states rights, liberty • Accused of fathering kids with slaves, being antireligious • Jefferson wins, but tied with Burr • 3/5 compromise increased southern electoral college votes, with allowed Jefferson to win • Peaceful transfer of power to opposing political force was unprecedented
12th Amendment • Electors now required to specify one candidate for president and one candidate for vice president • Jefferson and fellow Republican Aaron Burr (the presumed vice presidential candidate) tied in election of 1800 • Constitution specified House of Representatives had to break the tie • Hamilton threw his weight behind Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson • Liked to dress more informally, like a common man • Favored French culture • Opposed slavery, but didn’t see how it could be abolished • Designed his own home, Monticello • Was an inventor, philosopher, scientist
Jefferson’s Presidency • Pursued a moderate course to encourage Federalists to switch parties • Tried to unite people across parties “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” • Sought to downplay formality of government and eliminate distinctions between class and position • Effort to be more “democratic” in spirit instead of monarchical tendencies of Federalists • First President to give State of Union to Congress • Wanted to avoid industrialization and urbanization • Wanted nation based on agriculture • Wanted very limited central government • Cut military and spending to eliminate debt • Secretary of Treasurer Gallatin introduced modern budgeting to government – left most Hamilton policies intact • Alien and Sedition Acts were not renewed • Excise tax on whiskey was repealed
Bell Ringer: Prepare for quiz • Agenda and Objective: After quiz (20 minutes) students will then review in groups in preparation for class discussion over the policies of Thomas Jefferson. Welcome Back!
John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803 “And if this court is not authorized to issue a write of mandamus [order from a court to an inferior government official ordering the government official to properly fulfill their official duties]…It must be because the law is unconstitutional and therefore absolutely incapable of conferring the authority… Certainly, all those who have framed written constitutions contemplate them as forming the fundamental and paramount law…and consequently…and act of the legislature repugnant to the constitution is void… If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution, and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the Constitution, and not such ordinary act must govern the case to which they both apply. The judicial power of the United States is extended to all cases arising under the Constitution… Thus, the particular phraseology of the Constitution…confirms and strengthens the principle…that a law repugnant to the Constitution is void and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument.” Question: Explain the significance of Marshall’s opinion presented as Jefferson became the third president of the United States. Explain how TWO of the following people would either support or question Marshall’s view: - William Marbury - John Adams - Thomas Jefferson - Alexander Hamilton
Through Note review, students will analyze major events of Jefferson’s Presidency to determine if Jefferson truly followed his own philosophy on government. Agenda and Objective
Judiciary Act of 1801 • Judiciary Act 1801 created 16 judgeships • Federalists tried to keep control of judicial branch by appointing many judges just before Adams left office “midnight judges” • Jeffersonians saw this as Federalist attempt to keep control of judicial branch also would allow judges to ignore will of people • Jefferson wanted to fill positions from people in his party • Did not deliver notices of appointment after he was sworn in • Patronage is practice of appointing loyal party members as a reward and to build party strength • Democrat-Republicans tried to impeach several judges • In 1802, Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 & abolished these new federal courts
Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Marbury was a midnight judge who did not receive his commission • Sued Secretary of State James Madison to force delivery of commission • Chief Justice Marshall • Used case to establish power of Supreme Court • Ruled section of Judiciary Act was unconstitutional • Established the precedent of judicial review • Supreme Court has authority to review acts of Congress and declare unconstitutional • States tried to claim right to determine constitutionality in Kentucky resolutions (1798)
Impeachment of Samuel Chase • Jeffersonians attempted to impeach Chase as retaliation for Marbury decision • Was acquitted because Congress ruled that an official can only be impeached for treason, bribery or other high crimes or misdemeanors • Made sure that impeachment could not be used as a political tool to get rid of judges
Alien and Sedition Acts • Excise Tax • The Budget • Bank of U.S. • Tariffs
Barbary Pirates • Jefferson had eliminated most military spending to save money and follow republican ideas • Distrusted standing armies – feared it could lead to dictatorships • Barbary States of North Africa sent out pirates to attack ships • Kidnapped ships and held them for ransom • Jefferson sent navy to fight pirates to stop pirates • US gets peace treaty in 1805 • Demonstrated America’s ability to defend itself
Louisiana • Napoleon takes Louisiana back from Spain in a secret treaty in 1800 • Made Americans worried • Right of deposit was rescinded in 1802 and began to charge Americans for passing through New Orleans • Westerners depended on access to Mississippi for trade and survival • Jefferson wanted to encourage expansion of farm land in the west • Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to help Robert Livingston buy New Orleans for $10 million • US was not afraid of Spain, but feared power of France • Jefferson warned France that the US would ally with England if France denied access to New Orleans
Haitian Revolution and Louisiana Purchase Haitian Revolution (1791-1803) • Haitians (Santo Domingo) revolt against France during French Revolution • Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture • Haitians fight off French armies and mosquitos with yellow fever killed troops • Napoleon believed he needed Haiti to control Louisiana • Also did not want to encourage America to ally with Britain while France was fighting Britain Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Napoleon preferred US becoming legitimate global power to help keep Britain in check • Since Napoleon lost Haiti, he decided to sell Louisiana • Monroe and Livingston were not authorized to make purchase • Decided to buy it anyway for $15 million ($233) on April 13, 1803 • Some believed land was worthless
Jefferson’s constitutional dilemma • Constitution does not say if Congress can buy land • Jefferson believed that Congress can only do what is said in Constitution (strict construction) • Jefferson decided to support the purchase anyway • Discouraged his supporters from talking about constitutional issues in hopes that it wouldn’t be brought up • Didn’t want to wait for amendment for fear offer would be withdrawn • Louisiana doubled the size of the United States • Guaranteed access to Mississippi • Believed it insured success of America and democracy • Allowed for expansion of states across the continent • 13 new states would be made from the territory (828,000 acres)
Louisiana Purchase Effects of Purchase • Precedent established that US can purchase additional land • New lands would create states admitted on equal footing • Allowed Louisiana to keep Napoleonic Code instead of British common law • Allowed America to disengage from Europe because no European power left on North America Significance • Doubled size of U.S. w/ richest river valley in the world • Guaranteed Mississippi waterway to Gulf of Mexico • Paved the way for westward expansion and tragic Indian removal • Effectively ended European expansion in North America -- Helped reduce threats on U.S. western frontier
Americans did not know what was within Louisiana Purchase • led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark • to find all water route to Pacific, study Indian tribes, nature and the environment • Lewis and Clark left spring 1804 arrived at Pacific December 1805 • US claimed Oregon • Expedition gave details of what was in Louisiana Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corps of Discovery)
Federalists feared new western states would favor farmers and debtors and hurt commercial and banking interests of east • Some New Yorkers and New Englanders wanted to secede and have Aaron Burr as their President • Hamilton opposed Burr’s attempts to be elected governor of NY • Burr killed Hamilton in a duel on July 11, 1804 Aaron Burr Conspiracies
Courthouse of Trial Chief Justice Marshall Verdict sheet Burr Conspiracy • Burr went west to gain control over a territory that he could lead (1806) • Went to England and Spain for support • Wanted to establish independent country in West • Governor James Wilkinson of Louisiana turned Burr in as a traitor • Burr was acquitted of treason • Chief Justice Marshall limited definition of treason to only people who make war against the US • Limits governments ability to use treason accusations against political opponents
Battle of Copenhagen 1807 War between Britain and France • Britain and France resume war in 1803 • Battle of Trafalgar established Britain as dominant naval power • Battle of Austerlitz established France as dominant land power • US had made money trading with both sides and Europe as a neutral • Both countries try to stop trade • 1806 – Orders in Council passed by Britain that closed all European ports to trade (including American) • Stop and attack American ships • France ordered seizure off all ships from British ports (including American) • British sailors became naturalized Americans for better pay, food and treatment • British would board American ships and force American sailors into British navy (impressment) • US claimed more than 6,000 Americans had been taken between 1808-1811
Chesapeake Affair (1807) • British ship Leopard demanded America surrender 4 sailors; Chesapeake Commander James Barron refused • British ship Leopard fired at American ship Chesapeake , • Killed 3 and wounded 18 • boarded ship and took 4 American sailors off the coast of Virginia • Jefferson demanded apology for Chesapeake incident • British apologized, but kept right to search and impressment of sailors
Embargo Act of 1807 • US too weak to fight either France or England • Jefferson’s opposition to military spending left America too weak to fight either Britain or France • Embargo Act passed to stop American trade with Europe • US hoped Europe’s need for American raw materials and food would force France and England to change policies • Jefferson was trying to show new way of diplomacy without fighting • Hurt American economy more than France or England • Britain traded with Latin America, France supplied from Europe • Westerners wanted US to go to war with England • Embargo hurt Democrat-Republican political power • Opponents believed law was tyrannical. Federalists increased in power • Was very unpopular • Encouraged local manufacturing, not Jefferson’s base • March 1809 Act was repealed replaced by Non-intercourse Act • forbade trade only with England and France until they respect US neutrality
James Madison • Kept notes of Constitutional Convention • Adviser to George Washington • Helped build Democrat-Republican party with Thomas Jefferson • Elected President 1808 • Non-intercourse Act expired in 1810 Macon’s Bill No. 2 • Bill allowed President to cut off trade with either Britain or France if the other lifted trade restrictions • Madison opposed it because he believed it made US look weak • Napoleon agrees to lift restrictions • Madison forbid trade with Britain but allows with France in hopes that it would force Britain to repeal the Orders of Council reopening Atlantic trade • Britain did not repeal Orders of Council, they knew US needed British trade • US forced into reestablishing Embargo, which ended US neutrality in Anglo-France Napoleonic war.
Henry Clay (KY) John C Calhoun (SC) War Hawks • Typically were new members of government from South and West • Very Nationalistic • Favored military response over diplomacy • Favored US government purchasing lots of cheap land • easier to farm with • Would force Indians off land • Believed Indian resistance was led by Britain and Spain • US government bought land, then forced Indians off land • Led to fights between whites and Indians • Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa • Attempted to create a confederation of all tribes east of the Mississippi • Tenskwatawa seen as prophet, argued against Indian assimilation of white ways • led Shawnee resistance to white settlement in Northwest Territory • Offered to join Americans against British if US give back Shawnee land, US said no
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) • William Henry Harrison defeated Indians in a battle at Tippecanoe and burned Tecumseh’s village in Indiana • Attack led to general war between Indians and Americans • led to British gave Indians weapons and support • Led to War Hawks call for war against Britain and to take Canada
War of 1812Mr. Madison’s War • Sectional differences about war • East didn’t want war because it would hurt trade • supported Britain, not France • Did not want more agrarian states created from Canada • New England bankers loaned money to Britain and Governors would not send militia • South and West supported • West wanted Canada, South wanted Florida (Spain was allies with Britain) • Democrat-Republicans supported war, Federalists opposed it • President Madison declares war June 1, 1812 • Fought because of British impressments, blockades and inciting Indians • Needed war to prove viability of US nation and democracy as government • Believed US needed to eliminate Canadian support for Indians • Expected a quick war
British economy was beginning to suffer from the American boycott and Napoleon’s blockade of Britain • America declared war when Britain was finally ready to repeal Orders of Council • US thought war would be short • US had bigger population than Canada • Britain was fighting France • Britain was stronger than US thought • Canadian army same size as American • British Naval forces significantly stronger Avoidable War
Welcome Back! • Bell Ringer….Share your thesis statement with your neighbor. • FOR MONDAY: causes and effects of war of 1812, Importance of the Monroe Doctrine
