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The Skeleton: Axial Structure and Vertebrae Functions

Learn about the functions and structure of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, as well as the components of the axial skeleton such as the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Prepare for a quiz by visually memorizing diagrams.

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The Skeleton: Axial Structure and Vertebrae Functions

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  1. 7 The Skeleton: Part B

  2. W-F Class– HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT • Fill in information from textbook for the following slides and include functions: 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24 Visually memorize Diagrams for a Cervical Vertebra (Regular one and Axis and Atlas), Thoracic Vertebra, and Lumbar Vertebra. with all parts from the above slides May be on Wednesday’s Quiz

  3. The Axial Skeleton • 80 bones • Three regions • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage

  4. Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Ulna Sacrum Carpals Os Coxa Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals (a) Anterior view Phalanges Figure 7.1a

  5. Vertebral Column I. Functions: • Protects: • Transmits weight • Movement II. Location & # bones • 26 irregular bones– vertebrae • Cervical v. • Thoracic v. • Lumbar • Sacrum— • Coccyx .

  6. III. Vertebral Column: 4 CurvaturesSTUDENTS DO - Born with which? - Develop which? • Abnormal spine curvatures– Students Do

  7. IV. Ligaments Anterior Posterior A. Anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments– • Anterior: B. Ligamentum flavum–

  8. Intervertebral disc Supraspinous ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Transverse process Sectioned spinous process Intervertebral foramen Posterior longitudinal ligament Ligamentum flavum Interspinous ligament Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments Figure 7.17a

  9. V. Intervertebral Discs • Nucleus pulposus • Anulusfibrosus Herniated Discs

  10. VI. General Structure of Vertebrae Posterior Vertebral arch Lamina Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular process and facet Vertebral foramen Pedicle Body (centrum) Anterior Figure 7.18

  11. IV. Vertebrae A. General Structure • Laminae • Pedicels • Inferior & superior notches • Intervertebral foramina • Body or centrum • Location • Function • Demifacet Demifacet Body Superior notch Inferior notch

  12. Vertebral arch • Vertebral foramina • vertebral canal

  13. General Structure of Vertebrae • Processes per vertebra: • Spinous process— • Transverse processes PLAY Animation: Rotatable Spine (horizontal) PLAY Animation: Rotatable Spine (vertical)

  14. Facet • Superior articular processes • w/ articular facet (top surface) • Inferior articular processes • w/ articular facet (top surface) pedicel Demifacet

  15. B. Cervical Vertebrae 1. GeneralC1 to C7: • Size • weight 2. C2 to C7 • Spinous process is: (except C7 ) Also C2 • Transverse process has: (Also C1)

  16. 3. C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) Posterior Posterior C1 Posterior tubercle Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Inferior articular facet Posterior arch Lateral masses Transverse process Lateral masses Transverse foramen Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Anterior arch Facet for dens Anterior tubercle (a) Superior view of atlas (C1) (b) Inferior view of atlas (C1) Figure 7.19a-b

  17. Anterior Cervical Vertebrae … 3. C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) … a) Atlas (C1) • No body or spinous process • Anterior & Posterior Arches • Lateral Masses (2) • Superior Articular Facet articulates w/ - No process • Inferior Articular Facet: articulates: • No process • No Intervertebral Disc Posterior Superior View Inferior View

  18. B. Cervical Vertebrae … b. Axis (C2) • Has all parts • Dens • Function: Posterior Spinous process Lamina Inferior articular process Pedicle Superior articular facet Transverse process Dens Body (c) Superior view of axis (C2)

  19. c. Thoracic Vertebrae • Usually 2 ribs per T. vertebra, each rib articulating at two spots • Body has: • Superior & Inferior Coastal Facets • articulate w/ • Transverse Process with: • Transverse Costal Facet (except T11 & T12) • articulate w/: • Spinous process: • Superior and Inferior Articular Process & Facet

  20. Articular facet on tubercle of rib Spinous process Shaft Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Ligaments Neck of rib Body of thoracic vertebra Head of rib Superior costal facet (for head of rib) (b) Superior view of the articulation between arib and a thoracic vertebra Figure 7.23b

  21. Superior articular process Transverse process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Intervertebral disc Body Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Spinous process Inferior articular process (b) Thoracic vertebrae Figure 7.20b

  22. d. Lumbar Vertebrae • L1 to L5 = • Spinous p.-- • Articular processes & facets: turned inward to prevent rotation

  23. Superior articular process Body Transverse process Intervertebral disc Inferior articular process Spinous process (c) Lumbar vertebrae Figure 7.20c

  24. i) Sacrum posterior wall: Articulates with Superiorly: Inferiorly Transversely: Auricular surface or Articular Fossa of Ala Ala w/ Auricular surface Sacroilliac Joint Anterior & Posterior Sacral foramina Sacral Canal e. Sacrum and Coccyx

  25. SACRUM … • Sacral Promontory– • location • Function: • Superior Articular Process • Articulates with: • Sacral Hiatus–

  26. Sacral promontory Ala Body of first sacral vertebra Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion) Anterior sacral foramina Apex Coccyx (a) Anterior view Figure 7.21a

  27. Facet of superior articular process Sacral canal Body Ala Auricular surface Median sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral hiatus Coccyx (b) Posterior view Figure 7.21b

  28. ii) Coccyx • Tailbone • 3–5 fused vertebrae • Articulates with sacrum

  29. V. Thoracic Cage A. Introduction • Composed of • Thoracic vertebrae • Sternum • Ribs & costal cartilages • Functions • Protects: • Supports: • Attachment sites:

  30. B. Sternum– 3 fused bones 1. Manubrium • Articulates with clavicles and ribs 1 and 2 • Clavicular Notches • Jugular Notch • Sternal Angle • Costal Facets 2. Body • Articulates with ribs 2–7 cart. 3. Xiphoid process • muscle attachment • ossified ~ age 40

  31. C. Ribs and Their Attachments 1. 12 pairs 2. All attach to: 3. Rib Categories • True Ribs: • False Ribs = • 8-12 • 11-12 Floating ribs: 4. 1stRib

  32. Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum True ribs (1–7) Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces Costal cartilage Costal margin L1 Vertebra Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view Figure 7.22a

  33. 5. Structure of a Typical Rib Typical Rib • Head • Articulates w/ • Neck • Tubercle • Posterior surface; • Shaft– Body • Costal Groove– inferior margin; • Sternal End

  34. Articular facet on tubercle of rib Spinous process Shaft Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Ligaments Neck of rib Body of thoracic vertebra Head of rib Superior costal facet (for head of rib) (b) Superior view of the articulation between arib and a thoracic vertebra Figure 7.23b

  35. Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Angle of rib Body of vertebra Head of rib Intervertebral disc Neck of rib Tubercle of rib Shaft Sternum Cross- section of rib Costal groove Costal cartilage (a) Vertebral and sternal articulations of atypical true rib Figure 7.23a

  36. END

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