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Chapter 16

Chapter 16. Solids, Liquids, and Gases. Matter. Anything that has mass and takes up space. 4 States of matter. Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Each is designated by the energy, movement, and behavior of the particles. Kinetic Theory. An explanation of how particles in matter behave

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Chapter 16

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  1. Chapter 16 Solids, Liquids, and Gases

  2. Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space

  3. 4 States of matter • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma Each is designated by the energy, movement, and behavior of the particles

  4. Kinetic Theory • An explanation of how particles in matter behave • All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions) • These particles are in constant, random motion • These particles are colliding with each other and the sides of their container

  5. Solid State • Energy • Very little energy • Movement • Vibrate against each other, but don’t move around much • Particle Spacing • Very little space between particles, packed closely together • Volume/Shape • Definite volume and definite shape • Particles have a specific type of geometric arrangement that they form in when cooled • Determined by chemical and physical properties of solids

  6. Liquid State • Energy • More Energy than solids • Movement • Flow around each other • Particle Spacing • Particles have space between them • Volume/Shape • Definite volume but NO definite shape

  7. Gas State • Energy • Tons of Energy! • Movement • Flow around past each other • Particle Spacing • Particles are far apart • Volume/Shape • No definite volume and no definite shape

  8. Plasma State • Plasma – An electrically charged gas • Created at very high temperatures (like on the sun) (collisions between particles result in the electrons being stripped from the atom) • Most common state of matter in the universe (not Earth) • Found on stars • Found in lightning bolts, neon, fluorescent light tubes

  9. Diffusion • Diffusion – the spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed • Occurs in solids and liquids, but most rapidly in gases • Ex. Spray air freshener, dye in water

  10. Changes in State • ENERGY of the particles influences the state of matter • Temperature is something we can easily measure instead of Energy • Increased Energy • Molecules move faster and spread out • Temperature increases • Decreased Energy • Molecules move slower and are closer together • Temperature decreases

  11. Phase changes • Due to changing in the movement (Energy) of the particles • Solid to Liquid and Back • Freezing Point • Point at which liquid becomes solid • Melting Point • Point at which solids become liquid

  12. Phase Changes • Liquid to Gas and Back • Boiling Point – Point at which liquid becomes gas • AKA: vaporization 2 types of vaporization • Evaporation – occurs at the liquid’s surface and even at a temp. below the liquids boiling point • Boiling – occurs through a liquid at a specific temperature • Condensation – gas changes to liquid • Ex: Mirror fogging up

  13. Phase Changes • Heat of fusion – The amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point • Heat of vaporization – the amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas

  14. Thermal Expansion • An increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased • Kinetic Theory – particles move faster and separate as the temperature rises -> causes expansion of the entire object

  15. Water • Exception to thermal expansion • Have highly charged areas that affect the behavior • b/c the molecules orient themselves according to charge, empty spaces occur, so water expands when going from a liquid to a solid

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