Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 England Discovers Its Colonies: Empire, Liberty, and Expansion

2. Considerations • What is mercantilism? What was its role in Britain’s dominance over the New World? • Discuss the part Indians played in the early colonies. What caused relations to deteriorate so quickly? • What is the significance of Bacon’s Rebellion? How does it signify a greater problem in the relations of the classes in America? • Describe the causes and results of the Salem Witch Trials. What does it tell us of the roles of women and religion in the colonies?

3. CHRONOLOGY 1649 England becomes a Commonwealth. 1651 First of the Navigation Acts. 1660 Parliament passes new Navigation Act. 1663 Staple Act passed. 1675 Metacom’s (King Philip’s) War begins in New England. Lords of Trade created. 1673 Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet explore the Mississippi. Plantation Duty Act passed. 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia. 1680 Pueblo Indian revolt. 1683 New York Charter of Liberties. 1685 James II becomes king of England. Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes. 1686–1689 Dominion of New England. 1688 Glorious Revolution in England. 1689 Leisler’s Rebellion in New York. William and Mary ascend to English throne. Andros is overthrown in Boston. Catholic government is overthrown in Maryland. 1689–1697 King William’s War. 1692 Salem witch trials. 1696 Creation of the Board of Trade. Parliament passes comprehensive Navigation Act. 1699 First permanent French settlement in Louisiana. 1702–1713 War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War). 1707 Act of Union joins England and Scotland. 1721–1742 Robert Walpole ministry.

4. The Spectrum of Settlement

5. In many ways the Atlantic Ocean functioned as a prism refracting English aims into the spectrum of settlement of North America.

7. colonies featured profound demographic differences from one region to the next with New England’s salubrious climate at one extreme and the sugar islands of the Caribbean at the other.

8. Sex ratio closer to equal in the Chesapeake than in the sugar islands • Life expectancy longer in the Chesapeake than in the sugar islands • New England was one of the healthiest places on earth • Sex ratio approached equality • Early marriages and large families • Demographics • Caribbean and Southern colonies dominated by younger men • New England dominated by grandfathers • West Indies had slave majority by 1700

9. Slavery and staple crops went together, as did general farming and family labor

10. The English colonies also featured profound differences from one another in race, ethnicity, and economy; the colonies comprised four distinct regions: New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake, and the Deep South.

11. Although most colonists were Protestant, religious differences within, and among, colonies stood out as one of North America’s unique social features.

12. Local and provincial government also varied throughout the colonies, from proprietorships to royal colonies; some colonies boasted rather open, democratic governments, while others proved more autocratic.

14. The colonies did boast some unifying trends, including those of language, war (common enemies), law, and inheritance.

15. Unifying Trends • Language – became more uniform in American than England • War – Settlers waged war with short term volunteers rather than professional armies • Law – became simpler version of England’s complex legal system • Inheritance – no mainland American colony rigidly followed English patterns of inheritance

16. The Beginnings of Empire • Dutch seized control of trade in and out of English West Indies and Chesapeake colonies • Only Virginia had royal governor • Indian Wars almost destroyed New England, New Netherland, and Maryland in mid-1640s • Openchancanough • Miantonomo • Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven founded the New England Confederation in 1643 as defensive alliance

17. Mercantilism as a Moral Revolution • Power derived from a nation’s wealth • The beginnings of empire stemmed from England’s growing realization that the colonies served vital needs both economically and politically. • Nations had to control the commerce of their colonies • The critical 1640s were a time of upheaval in America, characterized by Indian warfare, instability, and a general lack of direction from England. • b. The most important imperial innovation proved to be the advent of the mercantilist system, which historians have called part of a moral revolution.

18. First Navigation Act, 1651 • Balance of trade • Rules governing which goods could enter English ports and on which ships • Rules governing nationality of captain and crew of ships • Generated opposition in the colonies

19. Restoration Navigation Acts • A crucial series of measures that sought to oversee virtually all aspects of colonial trade, “enumerating” commodities, as well as regulating goods going to and from England’s outposts.

20. Mercantilism(cont’d) • Navigation Act of 1660 • All colonial trade had to be carried out on English ships • New rules on nationality of captain and crew of ships • Enumerated commodities that could be shipped from the colony of origin only to England or another English colony • Staple Act of 1663 • Regulated goods going to colonies • Plantation Duty Act of 1673 • Navigation Acts were tremendously successful at displacing the Dutch and establishing English hegemony over the Atlantic trade

21. Indian, Settlers, Upheaval • Effects of European diseases • Mourning wars and tribal adoptions • Algonquians • Integration of European materials and products into Indian life • Iroquois League • Chain of Peace • Missionary efforts • Powwow • Most pronounced in New England

22. Growing conflicts between Indians and settlers led to a number of conflagrations as both parties sought to master their new relationships. • Indian strategies of survival varied greatly, from outright warfare to conversion and alliance. • Among the most promising, if ultimately unsuccessful, attempts to attain a modus vivendi between settlers and the local inhabitants were the Puritan Indian missions, which sought to bring Indians into the fold of European civilization and thereby end the strife between the two peoples. • Cultural differences and colonists’ insatiable appetite for land led to Metacom’s (or King Philip’s) War in 1675, a bloody conflagration in which some eight hundred settlers and an unknown number of Indians perished.

25. Metacom’s War • Began with simple confrontation in Puritan frontier town of Swansea before becoming an all-out war • Pitted Massachusetts and Connecticut against Wampanoags and Narragansetts • Indians had firearms and fought fiercely • Colonists attacked even the settlements of Christian Indians • Colonists eventually won, but only with help of Mohawks and Mohegans • Metacom killed; hundreds of his supporters sold into West Indian slavery

26. Virginia’s Indian War • Indian War, 1675 • Began as minor conflict with Doegs; came to involve Sisquehannocks as well • Colonial government unable to quickly settle the conflict • Governor William Berkeley favored defense • Colonists wanted to attack

27. Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 • Stemmed from frontier dissatisfaction with lack of government action • Crushed by colonial government, but only at high cost • Revealed difficulty of managing the frontier

29. By the 1660s the Chesapeake tobacco market had collapsed and long-standing social conflicts flared up in political turmoil. • Inan effort to exclude Dutch and other merchants, Parliament passed an Act of Trade and Navigation (1651), permitting only English or colonial-owned ships into American ports. • The number of tobacco planters increased, but profit margins were thin.

30. The Chesapeake colonies came to be dominated by elite planter-landlords and merchants. • Social tensions reached a breaking point in Virginia during William Berkeley's regime; Berkeley gave tax-free land grants to himself and members of his council. • The corrupt House of Burgesses changed the voting system to exclude landless freemen; distressed property-holding yeomen rose in rebellion against the planter elite.

31. Bacon's Rebellion • Poor freeholders wanted the Indians removed from the lands along the frontier. • Wealthy planter-merchants were opposed; they wanted to maintain the Indian labor supply and to continue trading for furs with the Native Americans. • Militiamen began killing Indians and the Indi­ans retaliated by killing whites. • Not wanting the fur trade disrupted, Governor Berkeley proposed building frontier forts.

32. Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the governor's council, led a protest against Berkeley's strategy; Bacon and his men killed a number of Indians and triggered a political upheaval. • Realizing Bacon's military power, Berkeley agreed to political reforms and restored voting rights to landless freemen.

33. Bacon's men burned Jamestown to the ground and issued a "Manifesto and Declaration of the People," demanding removal of all Indians and an end to the rule of wealthy "parasites." • Bacon's rebellion prompted tax cuts, a limit to the governor's authority, and the expansion into Indian lands. • To forestall another rebellion, laws were enacted to legalize African slavery.

34. Crisis in England and the Redefinition of Empire • Lords of Trade established in 1675 • To enforce the Navigation Acts and administer the colonies • Whigs and Tories • West Indies first to feel greater English control • Crown controlled governors and upper legislature houses • Precedents established there applied elsewhere

36. Glorious Revolution • The Popish Plot, the Exclusion crisis, and the rise of party combined to undermine the Stuart monarchy and bring about the Glorious Revolution of 1688. • James II replaced by William and Mary • Upheavals in Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and both Jerseys • No self-government • Religious toleration imposed on the Puritans • in 1685, James II disallowed the New York Charter of Liberties of 1683 and forced New York to join with its northern neighbors to form the Dominion of New England.

37. Glorious Revolution • In overthrowing the Stuart monarchy, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had significant consequences for colonial affairs, leading to what historians call the Glorious Revolution in America. • Abolished in 1691 with new colonial charters that guaranteed representative government

39. Virtually every colony underwent some form of political crisis from 1688 to 1689, including New York and Maryland. • The English response to the Glorious Revolution in America proved remarkably lenient and sympathetic for the most part, as William and Mary sought reconciliation, not conflict. • At the time when Massachusetts had virtually no central government, the Salem witch trials convulsed eastern Massachusetts, resulting in the capital punishment of twenty accused persons.

40. Salem Witch trials • Puritans thought that the physical world was full of supernatural forces. • Spring and Summer of 1692 • Eventually involved accusations against 150 individuals • Almost two dozen executed, all of whom professed their innocence • Of the 50 who confessed to witchcraft, none were executed • Ended only when governor’s wife was accused of witchcraft

41. Between 1647 and 1662, Puritans hanged fourteen people for witchcraft. • In 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts, 175 people were arrested and 20 were hanged for witchcraft.

42. Popular revulsion against the executions dealt a blow to the dominance of religion in public life; there were no more legal prosecutions for witchcraft after 1692. • The European Enlightenment helped promote a more rational view of the world. • Puritans instituted land-distribution policies that encouraged the development of self­ governing communities.

43. Completion of the Empire • Royal government became the norm • Navigation Act, 1696 • Plugged loopholes in early laws • Extended to America the English system of vice admiralty courts • Board of Trade established, 1696 • Powers almost wholly advisory • Act of Union, 1707 united England and Scotland • Implications for trade with the American colonies • Created system of imperial federalism that existed until American Revolution • Funded national debt

44. The Glorious Revolution dispatched absolutism in the colonies and helped to guarantee that the Completion of Empire would put representative government in the colonies on far more sure footing. • Imperial federalism is the term used to describe the division of power between the center and the periphery of the empire. • English people on both sides of the Atlantic viewed with pride their unwritten mixed and balanced Constitution, which included institutional authority along the Aristotelian model of one, few, and many.

45. Contrasting Empires: Spain and France in North America • The tenuous coexistence of the contrasting empires of England, France, and Spain erupted into war after the Glorious Revolution.

46. Contrasting Empires: Spain and France in North America • Pueblo Revolt was the greatest challenge to Spanish position in North America • In 1680, a San Juan Pueblo medicine man led a revolt against the Spaniards known as the Taos Pueblo revolt. • Drought and famine prompted Pueblos to return to traditional worship in 1675 • Pope • Full-scale revolt in 1680 • 400 of the 23,000 Spaniards in New Mexico killed • Destroyed every Spanish building in the province • Fighting continued until 1693, with heavy losses for the Pueblos

47. New France and the Middle Ground • French hoped to erect a friendly Algonquian shield against the Iroquois • South Algonquian supplied firearms, brandy, and other European goods • Iroquois negotiated a peace treaty in 1701 • Success with Indians rested on intelligent negotiation, not force • Onontio • French established Fort near Mobile to trade with Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creeks