The Americas : Part I; Constructing Independence

1. The Americas: Part I;Constructing Independence Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

2. Canadian Dominion • Canada achieves independence from Britain without war • Independence comes gradually through agreements with Britain • British give concessions to mostly French population to forestall problems, this gives Canada mostly local control over affairs • Mostly British Ontario follows British laws and traditions • 1781: British loyalists from the U.S. flood southern Canada • War of 1812 • United States declares war on Britain for interfering with trade • U.S. military invades Canada, Canadians repel attacks—unity • After war, economic opportunity continues to draw English-speaking migrants, angering French speakers in Quebec • British grant Canadians more autonomy to avoid revolution • Conflict between British Canadians and French Canadians • Unity comes from fear of United States invasion from South

4. The United States: Westward Expansion • Constitution establishes a federalist system • General authority to the federal gov’t, finite power to the states • 1820s: Property ownership dropped for enfranchisement • Constitutional provisions for admission of new states to the union • Purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon doubles in size • Manifest Destiny • Westward migration of Euro-Americans causes conflict with Native Americans, U.S. Army supports white settlers • Indian Removal Act of 1830, tribes forced to “Indian Territory” • Trail of Tears (1838-1839) • 1840s: Plains Indians wars, Plains Indians offer harder resistance • 1845-1848: Annexation of Texas & the Mexican-American War • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo adds territory to the United States • Addition of new territories raises questions of slavery’s future

9. Sectional Tension & War • Issue of slavery enflames tension between disparate regional societies and cultures within the United States (North/South) • 1780s: Founding Fathers expect slavery to disappear • 1800: British demand for cotton reinvigorates slavery in South • Missouri Compromise of 1820: balance b/w slave and free states • Issue of popular sovereignty and slavery increases tension • Southern politicians seek to expand slavery westward, pop. sov. • Northern politicians seek to limit expansion of slavery • Free Soil Party vs. the “Slave Power” • Northern Whigs and Free Soilersjoin to form new Republican Party • Election of Republican Abraham Lincoln as president sparks rebellion in South • 1860-1861: 11 Southern states secede from Union, form new nation; Confederate States of America • At first, North fights for political and economic interests, not slavery • 1863: Emancipation Proclamation changes focus to slavery • Northern states win the war, bring South back into Union, expand northern industrial economic model and federal political power

13. Changes In Mexico • Texas Revolution & Mexican-American War = political instability, rise of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana • Liberal reform becomes popular after loss to the U.S. • Benito Juarez leads La Reforma • Constitution of 1857 limits power of church/military, grants universal male suffrage, institutes land reforms • Conservatives upset by changes, take control of capital in 1861 • Juarez forced to suspend loan payments, French invade • Juarez repels French army, Emperor Maximillian—reestablishes Mexican republic, attempts to safeguard liberal reforms • 1876: Gen. Porfirio Diaz takes advantage of instability • “Porfiriato” lasts until 1911 • Diaz’s rule favors conservative, creoles, and foreign investors

15. Mexican Revolution • 1910-1911: Mexican reformers tired of Porfiriato dictatorship • Francisco Madero leads armed rebellion against Diaz • 1913: Diaz flees into exile, Madero establishes new government • 1914: Loses power in a military coup, assassinated • General Victoriano Huerta takes power, United States occupies Veracruz in opposition—enforces weapons embargo against Huerta • New rebellion breaks out against Huerta government • Three sides in new Mexican Revolution, led by three leaders: • Emiliano Zapata • Venustiano Carranza • Francisco “Pancho” Villa • Carranza’s forces take control of major cities, gain U.S. support—Villa and Zapata are defeated • Constitution of 1917 addresses many of the revolutionary needs: • Public education, land reform, nationalization of important resources, minimum wage, labor protection

17. Sources of Conflict in Latin America • Simon Bolivar encouraged unity & solidarity • Once Spanish were defeated, problems arise • Creoles have little experience with democracy, representative gov’t • Search for stable constitutions prove elusive for Latin American creoles • Creoles also wished to maintain control of political system, exclude many • Conflict with natives over lands suitable to agriculture, ranches • Argentina and Chile follow example of U.S. expansion, control • Long wars of independence provide military, rather than civilian heroes—caudillos rise as populist politicians • Fragmentation of Latin American states • Republic of Gran Colombia = Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador • United Provinces of Central America splits