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Interwar Era: 1920s Overview of Society and Politics

Dive into the transformative period between the World Wars with a focus on the societal shifts, economic changes, governmental actions, and cultural movements that defined the 1920s. Explore Henry Ford's impact on mass production, the rise of consumer revolution and installment buying, key political figures like Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, the clash between modernism and fundamentalism, the vibrant emergence of mass culture, and the influential Harlem Renaissance. Witness the turmoil of the "Lost Generation" writers as they grapple with the aftermath of WWI, prohibition challenges, women's empowerment, and the diverse cultural expressions that shaped this dynamic decade.

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Interwar Era: 1920s Overview of Society and Politics

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  1. Unit 3 Lesson 1 The Period Between the Wars 1919-1941 The 20’s – Intro

  2. vocabulary 1. Henry Ford mass production Model T scientific management assembly line 2. consumer revolution installment buying bull market buying on the margin 3. Warren Harding Teapot Dome Scandal 4.Calvin Coolidge Kellogg Briand Pact Dawes Plan 5.Herbert Hoover Andrew Mellon 6. modernism v. fundamentalism Scopes Trial Clarence Darrow Sigmund Freud

  3. 7. “Lost Generation” F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway Gertrude Stein 8. Mass Culture • Charlie Chaplin • The Jazz Singer • flapper • Babe Ruth • Charles Lindbergh 9. Harlem Renaissance • Louis Armstrong • Bessie Smith • Harlem Renaissance • Claude McKay • Langston Hughes • Zora Neal Hurston 10 .Black Consciousness • Marcus Garvey • Back to Africa 11.quota system KKK 12Prohibition • Eighteenth Amendment • Volstead Act • bootlegger

  4. 13. Women flappers 19th Amendment

  5. 1. Henry Ford Post WWI America Henry Ford Model T 1908 $850 1916 $350 1927 $290 scientific mangement

  6. Henry Ford’s Model T Assembly Line Mass production Effects of a Car Revolution: roads new subsidiary jobs rubber gas insurance

  7. 2.CONSUMER REVOLUTION Car Revolution and the Economy Sears Catalog 1916 • Americans had more money to spend • Advertising and credit • scientific techniques • research • all to sell more stuff to Americans • Sears and JC Penny's

  8. Wages and Costs

  9. Scientifically proven to help you gain weight! New Technology: tooth paste!

  10. 2. Consumer market • Installment buying • credit • get now what you want now • Bull Market • Installment buying • 90/10 • stock prices goes up • sell high, pay off balance and make some $$$ • what is the risk in the stock declines?

  11. Americans move • Cities to suburb movement • facilitated by car • farmers leave to cities • work • Empire State building 1931 • embodies the glorification of the cities • Meanwhile farms in decline

  12. Government and Business • Meet the Presidents of the 1920s • Warren G. Harding • Calvin Coolidge • Herbert Hoover

  13. 3. Warren Harding • 1920 • conservative policies • favored Big Bus. • appointed Andrew Mellon • raised tariff by 25%

  14. Teapot Dome • Dept of Interior Albert Fall Elk Hills, CA and Teapot Dome,WY oil Navy leased to oilmen bribes 1923Pres. Harding died Sig: gov’t corrpution

  15. 4. Silent Cal • Pres. Coolidge • frugal • creation of wealth benefitted nation • reduced nat’l debt • trimmed fed budget • lowered taxes • incentivized big business • under Coolidge econ soared

  16. Dawes Plan 1924 US loans to Germany to pay reparations to GB and France Germany paying GB and France helped them to debts to US (our money just getting passed around) Hinge: Germany making payments This flaw will have serious consequences in 1929

  17. 5. Kellogg Briand Pact • Kellogg Briand Pact • agreement to end all wars forever • how nice • Senator Kellogg and a french guy, Briand

  18. 6.Herbert Hoover • Pres. Herbert Hoover • laizze faire • Andrew Mellon – Secretary of Treasury • fed budget reduced • favored low taxes in income and corps

  19. 7. Modernism • science instead of faith, sorry Jesus • Charles Darwin and Origin of the Species • evolution • survival of the fittest • natural selection

  20. God vs. Science • Scopes: a bio teacher • goes against district, teaches Evolution • fired • ACLU • sues • attorney: Clarence Darrow • Defending God: William Jennings Bryant the great populist and progressive • fined $100, Scopes loses • God wins • sig: cultural debate alive and welll

  21. Modernism: Sigmund Freud • contributed to modernism and art • science and the brain • consciousness • sub conscious • artists try to explore the mind

  22. Modern Art • Realism • Showed city life (many concentrated on the loneliness created by the industrial revolution)

  23. Modern Art • Abstract Art • lines, colors, and shapes • You may not recognize the subject

  24. Modern Art • Surrealism • Rejects rational thought • Tries to show the unconscious mind

  25. 7. LOST Generation the white writers) • Post WWI • losses of war huge • pointless • apathy • malaise • noted writers: • Hemingway • Fitzgerald

  26. Literature • Gertrude Stein – her home was a gathering place for writers in Paris • F. Scott Fitzgerald • The Great Gatsby (about a guy who wants to be one of the wealthy upper class) • In the main hall a bar with a real brass rail was set up, and stocked with gins and liquors and with cordials so long forgotten that most of his female guests were too young to know one from another. By seven o’clock the orchestra had arrived, no thin five-piece affair, but a whole pitful of oboes and trombones and saxophones… People were not invited-they went there. They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island, and somehow they ended up at Gatsby’s door.” • The book ends with a tragic meaningless death

  27. 8. Mass Culture • New technology used to entertain • “Talkies” • The Jazz Singer • Edison and the NJ movie industry moves to sunny LA

  28. Jazz Singer

  29. Movies • New technology used to entertain • “Talkies” • The Jazz Singer • Edison and the NJ movie industry moves to sunny LA

  30. Movies Cont’ • creation of a national culture • huge movie houses in cities reflected the popularity of films • expressed the contrasting themes of passion and social conformity • Movie stars became key figures in the emergence of celebrities in popular culture

  31. 9. Harlem Renaissance • An African American literacy and artistic movement • Writer associated HR • Langston Hughes, "Song to A Negro Wash Woman" and “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain“ • Back-to-Africa Movement • encourage racial pride • self-pride among African Americans

  32. The Harlem Renaissance • Many African Americans moved to Northern cities for jobs but still faced discrimination • 200,000 African Americans moved to Harlem, New York and mixed with immigrants

  33. Harlem Renaissance • African American Literature told of pain and joy of being black in the US • Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston celebrated African American Culture

  34. Jazz • African American music form becomes wildly popular • Original music hated by adults • Louis Armstrong • “Duke” Ellington • Bessie Smith

  35. 10. Marcus Garvey advocated the Back to Africa Movement

  36. 11. Quota System • Nativists: oppose • 1882 restrict Chinese • failed SE Europeans • Congress • literacy tests • Wilson vetoed, Congress overrode • Red Scare • Quota Act 1921 • National Origins Act 1924 • formula: 2% of pop., based on1890 census • did not apply to Mexcio • 1910 Rev. more Mexicans moving N.

  37. Ku Klux Klan • members were of Nordic descent • believed in white supremacy • Along with immigration restriction league • experienced an increase in membership during the 1920s

  38. 12. Prohibition • Temperance first brought up in 1830s • End drinking; end crime • 1919 18th Amendment • Rural Americans and small town residents biggest supporters • Started in the Midwest • The Untouchables • Rise of Organized Crime • Volstead Act • enforcement power

  39. 13.Women • flappers • new role • freedom • 1921 19th Amendment • women get the vote • WWI and Wilson

  40. Inventions Change the US 1. What invention led to great wealth in the 1920? • automobile 2. Who was the leading car maker in the US during the 1920’s? • Ford 3. What method did Ford use to make cars? • Assembly line 4. What was Ford’s most popular car? • Model T Fords

  41. The Car Improves Economy 5. What do you think Ford did to encourage people to work for him? • Increased Wages ($2.35 to $5.00/day) make people work only 8 hours/day and gave weekends off 6. Why do you think that was helpful to Ford? • People could afford to buy cars (and other goods), they also had time to enjoy their cars, also Ford never had labor shortages

  42. The Car Improves Economy 7. What other impacts do you think the car had? • Steel, glass, rubber, asphalt, wood, gasoline, insurance, road-construction, diners, motor hotels (motels), and suburb growth.

  43. Consumer Revolution 8. What were some other new products people began buying in the 1920’s? • Washing machines, vacuum cleaners, irons, radios, refrigerators. 9. How could people afford to buy all of this new stuff? • Installment buying (buying on credit) – in the stock market it’s called buying on the margin, which was OK since it was a Bull market (rising quickly)

  44. Where people live 10. Where do you think most people wanted to live in the 1920’s? • Cities (remember the Great Migration), skyscrapers made it possible for more people to live there • Also suburbs – people have cars! 11. What people missed out on the great benefits of the 1920’s? • Farmers, also the poor workers in the cities

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