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A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition. Chapter 20 Virtualization, Linux, and Mac OS X. Objectives. Implement and configure virtual machines and hypervisors Use various Linux commands to support applications and users Identify important features of Mac OS X. Virtualization Basics.

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A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

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  1. A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition Chapter 20 Virtualization, Linux, and Mac OS X

  2. Objectives • Implement and configure virtual machines and hypervisors • Use various Linux commands to support applications and users • Identify important features of Mac OS X A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  3. Virtualization Basics • Virtualization: when one physical machine hosts multiple activities that are normally done on multiple physical machines • Two types of virtualization • Server-side virtualization • Client-side virtualization A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  4. Server-Side Virtualization • Provides a virtual desktop for users on multiple client machines • Most processing is done on the server • Provides a virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) Figure 20-1 Server-side virtualization provides a virtual desktop to each user A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  5. Server-Side Virtualization • Three categories of clients might be used: • Thick client or fat client – regular desktop computer or laptop • Thin client – computer has a regular OS but comparatively little computer power • Zero client – dumb terminal or ultra-thin client does not have an OS and just provides a user interface (keyboard, mouse, monitor) and network connection with enough software to load the virtualization program A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  6. Client-side Virtualization • Personal computer provides virtual environments for applications using three possible methods: • Presentation virtualization – remote application on a server is controlled by a local computer (a form of SaaS cloud computing) • Application virtualization – an application can be made available to users without having to install the application on the user’s computer • Client-side desktop virtualization – software installed on a PC manages virtual machines, each VM has its own OS installed A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  7. Client-side Virtualization Figure 20-2 Microsoft Remote Desktop Services presents applications to the user at the local computer A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  8. Virtual Machines and Hypervisors • Software used to create and manage virtual machines on a server or local computer is called a virtual machine manager (VMM) or hypervisor • Two types of hypervisors • Type 1 – installs on a computer before an OS (called bare-metal hypervisor); partitions hardware computing power into multiple VMs • Type 2 – installs in host OS as an application; not as powerful as Type 1 because it is dependent on the host OS A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  9. Virtual Machines and Hypervisors Figure 20-3 Type 1 and Type 2 hypervisors A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  10. Hardware Requirements • Motherboard UEFI/BIOS – should support hardware-assisted virtualization (HAV): Intel-VT or AMD-V; must be enabled in the UEFI/BIOS • Hard drive space – enough for the minimum requirements of each VM; virtual disks can be dynamic or fixed • Processor and memory – Processor must support HAV; use a dual-core or better; enough memory for the host and each VM that will run simultaneously A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  11. Hardware Requirements Figure 20-4 UEFI/BIOS setup screen to enable hardware virtualization A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  12. Hardware Requirements • A hypervisor emulates hardware and presents this virtual hardware to each VM • Includes a virtual processor, memory, motherboard, hard drive, optical drive, keyboard, mouse, monitor, network adapter etc. • Hypervisor allows you to configure which virtual hardware is installed A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  13. Hardware Requirements Figure 20-5 Visual Studio and Client Hyper-V work together to emulate Windows Phone installed on a smart phone A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  14. Hardware Requirements Figure 20-6 Emulated (virtual) hard drives are installed in a VM under VirtualBox A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  15. Secure a Virtual Machine • Virtual machines are susceptible to hackers and malware the same as a physical machine • Securing the resources in the VM: • Secure the VM within the VM • VMs should be isolated for best security • Secure permissions to the files that hold a VM • Secure the host computer A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  16. Linux Operating System • Linux – an OS created by Linus Torvalds • Open source and all programming instructions (source code) are freely distributed • Can be used as a server platform and as a desktop platform • Android OS is based on Linux • Versions are called distributions or flavors • Is the kernel for the OS, not a complete OS • A shell for user and application interfaces is needed A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  17. Linux Operating System Table 20-1 Popular Linux distributions A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  18. Directory and File Layout • Shell prompt usually includes: • User name, host name, and current directory followed by a $ • The ~ character indicates user’s home directory • When first log into Linux, the current directory is always the home directory of the logged-on user A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  19. Directory and File Layout Table 20-2 Important directories in a typical Linux root directory A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  20. Root Account and User Accounts • System administrator has root privileges • Means that he or she can access all the functions of the OS • Principal user account is called the root account • When logged on to the root account • The administrator is called the superuser • You can use the sudo command to execute any command that requires root access when you are logged onto the system with a regular user account that has root privileges A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  21. Linux Commands Table 20-3 Some common Linux commands (continues) A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  22. Linux Commands Table 20-3 Some common Linux commands (continues) A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  23. Linux Commands Table 20-3 Some common Linux commands (continued) A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  24. Linux Commands • Tips when using commands at a shell prompt: • Retrieve previous commands – press arrow-up key • Wildcard characters - *, ? (similar to Windows), and [] (gives a choice of characters) • Redirect output – use the > symbol to redirect to a file • Page the output – use |more at the end of a command line to display the results on the screen one page at a time • Ctrl+C – use to break out of a command or process A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  25. The vi Editor • vi editor (visual editor) – a text editor that works in command mode (to enter commands) or in insert mode (to edit text) • All vi commands are case sensitive • Examples of commands: • :w – save your changes and don’t exit the editor • :q – exit the editor after you have just saved your changes with the :w command • :wq – save your changes and exit the editor • :q! – quit without saving your changes A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  26. Assigning Permissions to Files or Directories • A file or directory can have read, write, and/or execute permissions assigned to it • Permissions can be assigned to: • The owner • Other users in the same groups as the owner • All users • The chmod command is used to manage permissions for files and directories • To see current permissions use the ls –l command A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  27. Assigning Permissions to Files or Directories Figure 20-18 Information about the jean directory displayed by ls - l A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  28. Dual-Boot Systems and a Live CD • Two boot loaders used to manage dual-boot systems • GRUB • LILO (seldom used today) • If Windows is installed in a dual boot, Windows might overwrite GRUB • Problem of missing GRUB can be solved by booting the system from a bootable Linux USB flash drive or CD (called a live CD) • Can reinstall GRUB and configure GRUB to manage the dual boot with Linux and Windows A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  29. Backups and Updates • What is a dump and clone? • A dump is a collection of data that is copied to backup media • When Linux encounters a kernel panic (an error from which it cannot recovery), it dumps an image of memory to a disk file • Image is called a core dump • A clone is an image of the entire partition on which Linux is installed A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  30. Backups and Updates • Which backup program should I use? • Do research to find out what others are using and how it works (compare several programs) • Examples of backup programs: • The dump and TAR commands used at a shell prompt • The graphical SimpleBackupSuite that works from the desktop A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  31. Backups and Updates • Update Linux from the Shell Prompt • Updates don’t come as often as Windows or OS X updates • Use the commands to update previously installed packages: • To refresh the list of all available updates: sudo apt-get update • To update only the installed packages: sudo apt-get upgrade A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  32. Backups and Updates • How to upgrade to a new release for Ubuntu Server: • Follow the previous steps to update all packages installed in the system • To make sure the latest update manager program is installed: • sudo apt-get install update-manager-core • To install the latest release of Ubuntu Server: • sudo do-release-upgrade A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  33. Mac OS X Operating System • OS X – latest proprietary OS only available for Macintosh computers by Apple Inc. • Built on a Unix foundation • First iteration of Mac OS X, dubbed “Cheetah”, became available in 2001 • OS continues to be called OS X and receives a version number to track its progress • Version 10.11 (El Capitan) is available in beta is should be released by the end of 2015 A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  34. Use the Mac Figure 20-24 The OS X desktop with a Finder window showing the Applications screen A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  35. Use the Mac • Gestures – finger movements on the trackpad • Default gestures: • Secondary click – similar to a right-click in Windows • Scroll • Zoom • Pinch • Swipe A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  36. Use the Mac Figure 20-28 Mission Control shows the open windows on the currently selected screen, which is the desktop A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  37. Use the Mac Figure 20-29 Dashboard has four default widgets, and several apps include a widget view option A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  38. Use the Mac • Spotlight – Mac’s search app • Can be configured to search the local computer, Wikipedia, iTunes, the Maps app, the web, and more Figure 20-30 Spotlight searches the local computer and online resources A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  39. Use the Mac • Apple Menu • Menu at the top of the OS X screen changes with each application that is active • Opens when you click the Apple icon • Similar to the Microsoft Windows Start menu • Provides access to system information, system preferences settings, the App Store, recent items, and the Force Quit option A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  40. Use the Mac Figure 20-33 The Apple menu is always available no matter which application is active A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  41. Use the Mac • Mulitple Desktops – several desktop screens each with its own collection of open windows • Each desktop screen is called a Space • Switch between desktops by clicking the desktop you want in Mission Control • Or press control+left arrow or control+right arrow • You can customize each desktop with different wallpaper and different apps A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  42. Use the Mac Figure 20-36 (a) Set a different background for each desktop, and (b) assign different apps in the dock of each desktop A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  43. Use the Mac • Finder – functions similarly as File Explorer in Windows Figure 20-37 The Finder window showing the Documents folder contents A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  44. Use the Mac • iCloud Drive • Files stored in iCloud Drive from any device connected with your Apple ID are automatically synced to your Mac in iCloud Drive • By default, files are stored inside folders titled by the application that created the file A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  45. Use the Mac • Keychain – OS X’s built-in password manager utility • View, edit, and remove accounts for applications, websites, servers, and other accounts you’ve added Figure 20-40 The data stored in Keychain is encrypted A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  46. Use the Mac • System Preferences • Can be opened from the Apple menu or from the System Preference icon in the dock Figure 20-42 The System Preferences window is used to customize the Mac interface A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  47. Use the Mac • Sharing – window where you can set up file and folder sharing on the network, printer sharing, remote access, and screen sharing Figure 20-44 Screen sharing makes it easier to collaborate on projects or to help other users with their computers A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  48. Use the Mac • Terminal – works much the same way as a terminal shell in Linux Figure 20-45 Terminal in OS X uses most of the same commands as a terminal shell does in Linux A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  49. Maintain and Support a Mac • Update OS X, Drivers, and Firmware • Some updates introduce bugs • Mac experts advise against setting OS X updates to install automatically • Wait a few days after an OS X update’s release • Updates come from the App Store • To manually update • Click the App Store icon in the dock • Click Updates in the toolbar A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  50. Maintain and Support a Mac Figure 20-47 Click Check Now to check for requested updates A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

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