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Understanding Virtualization Basics in IT Support

Learn about virtualization, Linux commands, Mac OS X features, server-side and client-side virtualization, hardware requirements, securing virtual machines, and Linux operating system fundamentals in the IT support field.

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Understanding Virtualization Basics in IT Support

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  1. A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition Chapter 20 Virtualization, Linux, and Mac OS X

  2. Objectives • Implement and configure virtual machines and hypervisors • Use various Linux commands to support applications and users • Identify important features of Mac OS X A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  3. Virtualization Basics • Virtualization: when one physical machine hosts multiple activities that are normally done on multiple physical machines • Two types of virtualization • Server-side virtualization • Client-side virtualization A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  4. Server-Side Virtualization • Provides a virtual desktop for users on multiple client machines • Most processing is done on the server • Provides a virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) Figure 20-1 Server-side virtualization provides a virtual desktop to each user A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  5. Server-Side Virtualization • Three categories of clients might be used: • Thick client or fat client – regular desktop computer or laptop • Thin client – computer has a regular OS but comparatively little computer power • Zero client – dumb terminal or ultra-thin client does not have an OS and just provides a user interface (keyboard, mouse, monitor) and network connection with enough software to load the virtualization program A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  6. Client-side Virtualization • Personal computer provides virtual environments for applications using three possible methods: • Presentation virtualization – remote application on a server is controlled by a local computer (a form of SaaS cloud computing) • Application virtualization – an application can be made available to users without having to install the application on the user’s computer • Client-side desktop virtualization – software installed on a PC manages virtual machines, each VM has its own OS installed A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  7. Client-side Virtualization Figure 20-2 Microsoft Remote Desktop Services presents applications to the user at the local computer A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  8. Virtual Machines and Hypervisors • Software used to create and manage virtual machines on a server or local computer is called a virtual machine manager (VMM) or hypervisor • Two types of hypervisors • Type 1 – installs on a computer before an OS (called bare-metal hypervisor); partitions hardware computing power into multiple VMs • Type 2 – installs in host OS as an application; not as powerful as Type 1 because it is dependent on the host OS A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  9. Virtual Machines and Hypervisors Figure 20-3 Type 1 and Type 2 hypervisors A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  10. Hardware Requirements • Motherboard UEFI/BIOS – should support hardware-assisted virtualization (HAV): Intel-VT or AMD-V; must be enabled in the UEFI/BIOS • Hard drive space – enough for the minimum requirements of each VM; virtual disks can be dynamic or fixed • Processor and memory – Processor must support HAV; use a dual-core or better; enough memory for the host and each VM that will run simultaneously A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  11. Hardware Requirements Figure 20-4 UEFI/BIOS setup screen to enable hardware virtualization A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  12. Hardware Requirements • A hypervisor emulates hardware and presents this virtual hardware to each VM • Includes a virtual processor, memory, motherboard, hard drive, optical drive, keyboard, mouse, monitor, network adapter etc. • Hypervisor allows you to configure which virtual hardware is installed A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  13. Hardware Requirements Figure 20-5 Visual Studio and Client Hyper-V work together to emulate Windows Phone installed on a smart phone A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  14. Hardware Requirements Figure 20-6 Emulated (virtual) hard drives are installed in a VM under VirtualBox A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  15. Secure a Virtual Machine • Virtual machines are susceptible to hackers and malware the same as a physical machine • Securing the resources in the VM: • Secure the VM within the VM • VMs should be isolated for best security • Secure permissions to the files that hold a VM • Secure the host computer A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  16. Linux Operating System • Linux – an OS created by Linus Torvalds • Open source and all programming instructions (source code) are freely distributed • Can be used as a server platform and as a desktop platform • Android OS is based on Linux • Versions are called distributions or flavors • Is the kernel for the OS, not a complete OS • A shell for user and application interfaces is needed A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  17. Linux Operating System Table 20-1 Popular Linux distributions A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  18. Directory and File Layout • Shell prompt usually includes: • User name, host name, and current directory followed by a $ • The ~ character indicates user’s home directory • When first log into Linux, the current directory is always the home directory of the logged-on user A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  19. Directory and File Layout Table 20-2 Important directories in a typical Linux root directory A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  20. Root Account and User Accounts • System administrator has root privileges • Means that he or she can access all the functions of the OS • Principal user account is called the root account • When logged on to the root account • The administrator is called the superuser • You can use the sudo command to execute any command that requires root access when you are logged onto the system with a regular user account that has root privileges A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  21. Linux Commands Table 20-3 Some common Linux commands (continues) A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  22. Linux Commands Table 20-3 Some common Linux commands (continues) A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  23. Linux Commands Table 20-3 Some common Linux commands (continued) A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  24. Linux Commands • Tips when using commands at a shell prompt: • Retrieve previous commands – press arrow-up key • Wildcard characters - *, ? (similar to Windows), and [] (gives a choice of characters) • Redirect output – use the > symbol to redirect to a file • Page the output – use |more at the end of a command line to display the results on the screen one page at a time • Ctrl+C – use to break out of a command or process A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  25. The vi Editor • vi editor (visual editor) – a text editor that works in command mode (to enter commands) or in insert mode (to edit text) • All vi commands are case sensitive • Examples of commands: • :w – save your changes and don’t exit the editor • :q – exit the editor after you have just saved your changes with the :w command • :wq – save your changes and exit the editor • :q! – quit without saving your changes A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  26. Assigning Permissions to Files or Directories • A file or directory can have read, write, and/or execute permissions assigned to it • Permissions can be assigned to: • The owner • Other users in the same groups as the owner • All users • The chmod command is used to manage permissions for files and directories • To see current permissions use the ls –l command A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  27. Assigning Permissions to Files or Directories Figure 20-18 Information about the jean directory displayed by ls - l A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  28. Dual-Boot Systems and a Live CD • Two boot loaders used to manage dual-boot systems • GRUB • LILO (seldom used today) • If Windows is installed in a dual boot, Windows might overwrite GRUB • Problem of missing GRUB can be solved by booting the system from a bootable Linux USB flash drive or CD (called a live CD) • Can reinstall GRUB and configure GRUB to manage the dual boot with Linux and Windows A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  29. Backups and Updates • What is a dump and clone? • A dump is a collection of data that is copied to backup media • When Linux encounters a kernel panic (an error from which it cannot recovery), it dumps an image of memory to a disk file • Image is called a core dump • A clone is an image of the entire partition on which Linux is installed A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  30. Backups and Updates • Which backup program should I use? • Do research to find out what others are using and how it works (compare several programs) • Examples of backup programs: • The dump and TAR commands used at a shell prompt • The graphical SimpleBackupSuite that works from the desktop A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  31. Backups and Updates • Update Linux from the Shell Prompt • Updates don’t come as often as Windows or OS X updates • Use the commands to update previously installed packages: • To refresh the list of all available updates: sudo apt-get update • To update only the installed packages: sudo apt-get upgrade A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  32. Backups and Updates • How to upgrade to a new release for Ubuntu Server: • Follow the previous steps to update all packages installed in the system • To make sure the latest update manager program is installed: • sudo apt-get install update-manager-core • To install the latest release of Ubuntu Server: • sudo do-release-upgrade A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  33. Mac OS X Operating System • OS X – latest proprietary OS only available for Macintosh computers by Apple Inc. • Built on a Unix foundation • First iteration of Mac OS X, dubbed “Cheetah”, became available in 2001 • OS continues to be called OS X and receives a version number to track its progress • Version 10.11 (El Capitan) is available in beta is should be released by the end of 2015 A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  34. Use the Mac Figure 20-24 The OS X desktop with a Finder window showing the Applications screen A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  35. Use the Mac • Gestures – finger movements on the trackpad • Default gestures: • Secondary click – similar to a right-click in Windows • Scroll • Zoom • Pinch • Swipe A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  36. Use the Mac Figure 20-28 Mission Control shows the open windows on the currently selected screen, which is the desktop A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  37. Use the Mac Figure 20-29 Dashboard has four default widgets, and several apps include a widget view option A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  38. Use the Mac • Spotlight – Mac’s search app • Can be configured to search the local computer, Wikipedia, iTunes, the Maps app, the web, and more Figure 20-30 Spotlight searches the local computer and online resources A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  39. Use the Mac • Apple Menu • Menu at the top of the OS X screen changes with each application that is active • Opens when you click the Apple icon • Similar to the Microsoft Windows Start menu • Provides access to system information, system preferences settings, the App Store, recent items, and the Force Quit option A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  40. Use the Mac Figure 20-33 The Apple menu is always available no matter which application is active A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  41. Use the Mac • Mulitple Desktops – several desktop screens each with its own collection of open windows • Each desktop screen is called a Space • Switch between desktops by clicking the desktop you want in Mission Control • Or press control+left arrow or control+right arrow • You can customize each desktop with different wallpaper and different apps A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  42. Use the Mac Figure 20-36 (a) Set a different background for each desktop, and (b) assign different apps in the dock of each desktop A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  43. Use the Mac • Finder – functions similarly as File Explorer in Windows Figure 20-37 The Finder window showing the Documents folder contents A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  44. Use the Mac • iCloud Drive • Files stored in iCloud Drive from any device connected with your Apple ID are automatically synced to your Mac in iCloud Drive • By default, files are stored inside folders titled by the application that created the file A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  45. Use the Mac • Keychain – OS X’s built-in password manager utility • View, edit, and remove accounts for applications, websites, servers, and other accounts you’ve added Figure 20-40 The data stored in Keychain is encrypted A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  46. Use the Mac • System Preferences • Can be opened from the Apple menu or from the System Preference icon in the dock Figure 20-42 The System Preferences window is used to customize the Mac interface A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  47. Use the Mac • Sharing – window where you can set up file and folder sharing on the network, printer sharing, remote access, and screen sharing Figure 20-44 Screen sharing makes it easier to collaborate on projects or to help other users with their computers A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  48. Use the Mac • Terminal – works much the same way as a terminal shell in Linux Figure 20-45 Terminal in OS X uses most of the same commands as a terminal shell does in Linux A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  49. Maintain and Support a Mac • Update OS X, Drivers, and Firmware • Some updates introduce bugs • Mac experts advise against setting OS X updates to install automatically • Wait a few days after an OS X update’s release • Updates come from the App Store • To manually update • Click the App Store icon in the dock • Click Updates in the toolbar A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  50. Maintain and Support a Mac Figure 20-47 Click Check Now to check for requested updates A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

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