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Treatment Technologies for TDS

Treatment Technologies for TDS. Technical and Economic Issues Raymond J. Lovett ShipShaper, LLP. Acknowledgements. U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Office of Surface Mining West Virginia University Paul Ziemkiewicz, WV Water Research Institute Jeff Skousen. Total Dissolved Solids.

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Treatment Technologies for TDS

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  1. Treatment Technologies for TDS Technical and Economic Issues Raymond J. Lovett ShipShaper, LLP

  2. Acknowledgements • U.S. Department of Energy • U.S. Office of Surface Mining • West Virginia University • Paul Ziemkiewicz, WV Water Research Institute • Jeff Skousen ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  3. Total Dissolved Solids • Troublesome ions (e.g. Na+, Ca+2, Cl-, SO4-2) have no economically, environmentally sound precipitation chemistry. • Concentrations of interest range from 500 mg/L to more than 100,000 mg/L. Seawater is roughly 35,000 mg/L. • Treatment technology needed to meet regulatory and cost requirements. Method chosen often depends on ions present and their concentrations. ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  4. Prospective Technologies • Membrane Technologies • Reverse Osmosis • Electrodialysis Reversal • Nanofiltration • Physical Technologies • Distillation • Electrocoagulation • Truck and Deep Injection ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  5. Prospective Technologies • Media Technologies • Ion Exchange • Capacitive Deionization ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  6. Osmosis Membrane Technologies ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  7. Osmosis Membrane Technologies Process • Reverse Osmosis • Membrane passes water • Nanofiltration • Membrane passes water and +1 ions Complications • Pretreatment • Membrane Fouling • Reject Water ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  8. Electrodialysis Reversal ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  9. Physical Methods • Distillation • Expensive • Electrocoagulation • Electrolysis of water • Flotation • Oxides/sorption ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  10. Seawater ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  11. Evaluation Tool • Calculates the cost of treatment • Uses variable input ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  12. Treatment System Input • General • Temperature • Labor rate • Amortization time • Interest rate • Land cost • Land cover type (1 thru 4) • Land clearance cost • Cost of excavation • Cost to cover • Building costs ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  13. Treatment System Input • O&M Costs • Electricity • Insurance costs • Replacement and repair • General maintenance • Pump maintenance • Analytical costs • Monitoring frequency ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  14. Treatment System Input • Reverse Osmosis • Click for Membrane Data • Reverse Osmosis Recovery • Target dissolved solids • Reverse Osmosis Pressure • Membrane cost • Discharge Concentrate disposal cost ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  15. Treatment System Costs • Reverse Osmosis • Membranes • Pressure vessels • RO skids • Building Electrical • Instrumentation and controls • High Pressure Pumps • Bypass Pumps • Product water pumps • Concentrate pump • Degassifiers ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  16. Pump Specifications • RO Concentrate discharge pump     • Flow 29.2 gpm • Velocity in pipe 5.0 ft/s • Pipe diameter calculated 1.544 in • Pipe diameter used 2.000 in • Distance to discharge 500 ft • Elevation to discharge 0 • Pump Efficiency 40% • Energy of pump 24.22 ft-lbf/lbm • HP of motor 0.45 HP   ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  17. R.O. Construction • Total Direct Capital Costs $1,180,150 • Indirect Capital Costs • Interest during construction $47,206 • Contingencies $70,809 • A&E fees, Project management $141,618 • Working capital $47,206 • Total Indirect costs$306,839 • Total Construction cost$1,486,989 ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  18. Treatment Cost ($/1000gal) • Disposal Methods 50,000 100,000 • Surface disposal ------------------$ 0.05 ---------------- $0.05 • Deep injection well - new ------ $4.26 ---------------- $4.26 • Deep injection well – existing --$0.51 ---------------- $0.51 • Water hauling --------------------- $4.17 ---------------- $4.17 • Membrane Treatment • Microfiltration ------------------- $1.03 ---------------- $1.03 • Reverse Osmosis ---------------- $6.15 ---------------- $8.88 • Nanofiltration -------------------- $5.35 ---------------- $7.44 • Media Treatment • Ion Exchange ----------------------$8.35 ---------------- $8.35 ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  19. R.O. Conditions • 292 gpm • 50,000 or 100,000 mg/l TDS • 500 mg/L target • No bypass • 90% efficiency • Cost includes treated water disposal, microfiltration, concentrate disposal ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  20. Cost vs. Efficiency ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  21. Cost versus Flow ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  22. Cost of Electricity ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

  23. Conclusions • Distillation always works, very expensive • High pressure membrane systems may clog • Deep well disposal economical when possible • Water hauling is expensive • Operating costs are sneaky ShipShaper, LLP - WVMDTF 2010

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