Vaccine Preventable Diseases

1. Vaccine Preventable Diseases

2. Vaccine Preventable Diseases • Overview • Preventable Diseases • Diseases Symptoms and Effects • Vaccines Available • References • Contact Information

3. Overview • Reasons to Immunize Children • Protect Children • Diseases still exist • Diseases are not spread out • Children do not suffer from disease • Vaccines help prevent infectious diseases and save lives • Immunity to diseases wears off • Booster doses

4. Hepatitis B Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Polio Measles Mumps Rubella Varicella (Chickenpox) Meningococcal Rotavirus Human Papillomavirus Zoster Influenza Preventable Diseases

5. Vaccine Preventable Diseases Symptoms and Effects

6. Hepatitis B • Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). • Signs and symptoms • Might include nausea, lack of appetite, tiredness, muscle, joint, or stomach pain, fever, diarrhea or vomiting, headache, dark urine, light-colored stools, jaundice • Most common mode of exposure • Sexual contact • Needle sticks or sharps • Infected mother to her baby during birth • About 5 out of 100 people in the United States will contract HBV infection sometime in their lifetime, if not vaccinated.

7. Diphtheria • Caused by a bacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae which releases a toxin, or poison, into the person's body • Signs • Thick coating at the back of the throat • Other body sites affected • nose, larynx, eye, vagina, and skin • Symptoms • Sore throat, fever, chills, difficulty swallowing • Can lead to suffocation, paralysis, heart failure, coma, or death • Spreads through direct contact with an infected person by coughing and sneezing

8. Tetanus(Td) • Caused by a toxin (poison) produced by a bacterium, Clostridium tetani • Spores are very difficult to kill. Resistant to heat and many chemical agents • Mode of exposure • Cuts, punctures, or other wounds, dirt or feces of animals • Symptoms • Muscle rigidity in mouth, jaws, arms, legs, and stomach, severe convulsions, difficulty opening mouth and swallowing • Leads to broken bones from muscle spasms; breathing problems/lung infections; coma and death

9. Pertussis (Whooping Cough) • Caused by a bacterium, Bordetella pertussis • Highly contagious; spreads through the air by infectious droplets • Signs and Symptoms • Coughing spasms with a "whooping“ sound • Difficulty breathing • Can lead to pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, or death • Can be a very serious disease, especially for infants • Infants younger than age one year accounted for 19% of pertussis cases and 92% of pertussis deaths in the United States during 2000-2004.

10. Polio • Common mode of Transmission • Via the fecal-oral route (i.e., the virus is transmitted from the stool of an infected person to the mouth of another person from contaminated hands or such objects as eating utensils). • May be spread directly via an oral to oral route • Sign and Symptoms • Fever, muscle pain, paralysis, headache • Can lead to severe illness, deformities, and death • No cases of "wild" (i.e., natural) polio acquired in the United States since 1979

11. Measles • It is spread through the air by infectious droplets and is highly contagious • Symptoms • Fever, runny nose, cough, loss of appetite, "pink eye," rash from face to feet • Can lead to pneumonia, ear infections, brain damage, seizures, and death • Death from measles occurs in approximately 2 per 1,000 reported cases in the United States

12. Mumps • Spreads through coughing, sneezing,or just talking to an infected person • Sign of mumps • “Parotitis," the swelling of the salivary glands, or parotid glands, below the ear. Occurs only in 30%-40% of individuals infected with mumps • Can lead to brain damage, deafness, and sterility in men • Due to good immunization coverage, mumps is now rare in the United States. • An estimated 212,000 cases occurred in 1964, while only 258 cases were reported in 2004

13. Rubella (German Measles) • Mode of transmission • Person to person through the air • Mother to baby during pregnancy. Less contagious than measles and chickenpox • Symptoms and effects • Head-to-toe rash with mild fever • First trimester of pregnancy can lead to fetal death, premature delivery, serious birth defects such as: deafness, blindness, and mental retardation • Good immunization coverage • Rubella and CRS are rare in the United States at the present time. • It can be imported into the United States at any time

14. Varicella (Chickenpox) • Caused by the varicella-zoster virus. • Mode of transmission • Coughing, sneezing, or contact with an infected person’s sores; highly contagious • Symptoms • Itchy rash with up to 500 sores and blisters, fever, sore throat, fever, coughing, fussiness, headache, and loss of appetite • Can lead to brain damage, lung damage, or death

15. Menningococcal Disease • Caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis • Mode of transmission • Spread person-to-person through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions (e.g., by coughing, kissing, or sharing eating utensils) • Most common symptoms • High fever, chills, lethargy, and a rash. • If meningitis is present, the symptoms will also include headache and neck stiffness (which may not be present in infants); seizures may also occur • There are approximately 2,000-3,000 cases of meningococcal disease each year in the United States

16. Rotavirus • Mode of transmission • Enters through the mouth; infects the lining of the intestines • Very contagious, spreading easily from children who are already infected to other children and sometimes adults • Symptoms • Fever, an upset stomach, vomiting, followed by diarrhea • Every year in the United States, rotavirus causes illness in 2.7 million children. • Each year in the United States rotavirus is responsible for more than 400,000 doctor visits, more than 200,000 emergency room visits, 55,000-70,000 hospitalizations, and 20-60 deaths.

17. Human Papillomavirus(HPV) • Most commonly sexually transmitted virus • Spread through sexual contact • No symptoms when infected • May disappear on its own • Genital warts in men and women • Abnormal Pap test • Abnormal vaginal bleeding, discomfort during intercourse • Can lead to certain cancers in women and men • Approximately 20 million people are currently infected with HPV

18. Shingles (Zoster) • Caused by varicella-zoster virus • Virus stays in nervous system • Possibly spread to people never exposed or vaccinated against chickenpox Most common in people 50 years old or older • Symptoms • Pain, itching, or tingling, fever, headache, chills and upset stomach • Starts as a painful skin rash often with blisters • Usually one side of body or face • Last up to 30 days • Long-term nerve pain • Rarely causes pneumonia, hearing problems, blindness, brain inflammation or death • One million cases of shingles in the U.S.

19. Influenza • Two types of Influenza Virus • Influenza A • Influenza B • Symptoms • Onset of fever, aching muscles, sore throat, and non-productive cough. Additional symptoms may include runny nose, headache, a burning sensation in the chest, and eye pain and sensitivity to light • Children age two years and younger have hospitalization rates second only to people age 65 years and older • On average, more than 200,000 people in the United States are hospitalized each year for respiratory and heart-related illnesses associated with influenza virus infections

20. Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTaP) Haemophilus Influenza Type B (Hib) Pneumoccocal Conjugate (PCV13) Polio (IPV) Rotavirus Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Varicella (Chickenpox) Meningococcal (MCV4) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Tetanus (Td) Zoster (Shingles) Pneumococcal Polysaccharide (PPSV23) Influenza (Flu) Vaccines Available

21. References: • Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov • American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org • World Health Organization http://www.who.int • American Society of Microbiology Educational Instructional Library • Vaccine Information from the Immunization Action Coalition http://www.vaccineinformation.org • Photo courtesy of Center for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, American Academy of Pediatrics, World Health Organization, photo credit Dr. D. Mahalanabis

22. City of El Paso Department of Public Health TEXAS VACCINES FOR CHILDREN (TVFC) 6292 Trowbridge Dr. El Paso, TX. 79905 (915) 778-9815