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STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION

STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION. Dennis Altman [ LaTrobe University Australia] Peter Aggleton [UNSW Australia] Michael Williams [Monash University Australia] Travis Kong [Hong Kong University] Vasu Reddy [HSRC South Africa] David Harrad & Toni Reis [ Grupo Dignidade , Curitiba, Brazil]

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STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION

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  1. STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION • Dennis Altman [LaTrobe University Australia] • Peter Aggleton [UNSW Australia] • Michael Williams [Monash University Australia] • Travis Kong [Hong Kong University] • Vasu Reddy [HSRC South Africa] • David Harrad & Toni Reis [GrupoDignidade, Curitiba, • Brazil] • Richard Parker [Columbia University USA]

  2. “HOMOPHOBIA” AS SOCIAL AND POLITICAL • Distinguish between individual and institutionalised prejudice and discrimination • Hegemonic masculinity and heteronormativity • Many MSM do not conform to gender norms, and may face double oppression

  3. A note on what counts as evidence • We often learn more about the lived reality of sexual lives from culture than from empirical studies. • Emphasis on peer reviewed journals ignores other forms of knowledge • A full discussion of homophobia and its impact demands poets as well as epidemiologists

  4. Different levels of homophobia • Denial & ignorance • Social & official discrimination • Legal and extra-judicial persecution and violence

  5. WHERE HOMOSEX REMAINS ILLEGAL

  6. LAWS MUST BE READ WITH CAUTION • Information in map taken from ILGA, and may not always be accurate; • Scale of map means many Caribbean and Pacific states are not evident; • States can persecute homosexuality even where it is technically not criminalised

  7. The roots of homophobia • The problem of religion • Fears about ‘traditional’ gender power relations • “Political homophobia” and national assertion • Authoritarian states and lack of political space

  8. Links to HIV transmission • Refer back to epidemiological paper • Criminalization, stigma and denial mean men miss out on basic prevention services and resources • Men may believe homosexual intercourse free from risks of HIV transmission

  9. East Asia: growing MSM transmission even in resource rich countries • In China new infections are increasingly found amongst MSMs • In Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore homosexual transmission is majority of new cases, yet largely ignored

  10. Global attitudes towards homosexuality are increasingly polarised • Marriage versus execution • Pressure from international bodies and significant donors must be aware of possible backlash • Mobilisation of opposition around notions of national and cultural identity

  11. Who can access new biomedical technologies? • This is discussed in other papers, but will increasingly be vital as ‘treatment as prevention’ looms larger

  12. THE GREATEST CHALLENGE • Exciting new possibilities for prevention are likely to be unavailable to many men who have sex with men, who in many parts of the world are stigmatised, persecuted and ignored. There is an urgent need to move beyond denial of homosexuality in the name of tradition, culture and religion

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