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The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

The Lymphatic and Immune Systems. Main structures of the lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels Main components of the immune system Lymphocytes Lymphoid tissue Lymphoid organs. The Lymphatic System. Lymphatic vessels collect tissue fluid from loose connective tissue

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The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

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  1. The Lymphatic and Immune Systems • Main structures of the lymphatic system • Lymphatic vessels • Main components of the immune system • Lymphocytes • Lymphoid tissue • Lymphoid organs

  2. The Lymphatic System • Lymphatic vessels collect tissue fluid from loose connective tissue • Carry fluid to great veins in the neck • Fluid flows only toward the heart Figure 20.1

  3. Functions of Lymphatic Vessels • Collect excess tissue fluid and blood proteins • Return tissue fluid and blood proteins to bloodstream

  4. Orders of Lymphatic Vessels • Lymph capillaries • Smallest lymph vessels • First to receive lymph • Lymphatic collecting vessels • Collect from lymph capillaries

  5. Orders of Lymphatic Vessels • Lymph nodes • Scattered along collecting vessels • Lymph trunks • Collect lymph from collecting vessels • Lymph ducts • Empty into veins of the neck

  6. Lymphatic Capillaries • Located near blood capillaries • Receive tissue fluid from CT • Increased volume of tissue fluid • Minivalve flaps open and allow fluid to enter • Highly permeability allows entrance of • Tissue fluid • Bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells

  7. Lymphatic Capillaries • Lacteals – specialized lymphatic capillaries • Located in the villi of the small intestines • Receive digested fats • Fatty lymph – chyle

  8. Location and Structure of Lymphatic Capillaries Figure 20.2a, b

  9. Lymphatic Collecting Vessels • Accompany blood vessels • Composed of the same three tunics as blood vessels • Contain more valves than veins do • Helps direct the flow of blood • Lymph propelled by • Bulging of skeletal muscles • Pulsing of nearby arteries • Tunica media of the lymph vessels

  10. Lymph Nodes • Cleanse the lymph of pathogens • Human body contains around 500 • Lymph nodes are organized in clusters

  11. Lymph Nodes Figure 20.3

  12. Microscopic Anatomy of a Lymph Node • Fibrous capsule – surrounds lymph nodes • Trabeculae – connective tissue strands • Lymph vessels • Afferent lymphatic vessels • Efferent lymphatic vessels

  13. Microscopic Anatomy of a Lymph Node Figure 20.4a

  14. Lymph Trunks • Lymphatic collecting vessels converge • Five major lymph trunks • Lumbar trunks • Receives lymph from lower limbs • Intestinal trunk • Receives chyle from digestive organs • Bronchomediastinal trunks • Collects lymph from thoracic viscera

  15. Lymph Trunks • Five major lymph trunks (continued) • Subclavian trunks • Receive lymph from upper limbs and thoracic wall • Jugular trunks • Drain lymph from the head and neck

  16. Overview of the Lymph Nodes, Trunks, and Ducts Figure 20.3

  17. The Lymphatic Trunks Figure 20.6a

  18. Lymph Ducts • Cisterna chyli • Located at the union of lumbar and intestinal trunks • Thoracic duct • Ascends along vertebral bodies • Empties into venous circulation • Junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins • Drains three quarters of the body

  19. Lymph Ducts • Right lymphatic duct • Empties into right internal jugular and subclavian veins

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