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Chapter 22: Behavior

Chapter 22: Behavior. Ever wonder why you do the things you do? “Nature vs. Nurture” all over again. Behavior = reaction to internal or external stimulus Like any phenotype, it is made up of Genetics Environment And can be selected for. Remember natural selection and adaptive radiation?.

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Chapter 22: Behavior

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  1. Chapter 22:Behavior Ever wonder why you do the things you do? “Nature vs. Nurture” all over again

  2. Behavior = reaction to internal or external stimulus Like any phenotype, it is made up of Genetics Environment And can be selected for. Remember natural selection and adaptive radiation? Behavior and Adaptation Ethology= The study of animal behavior 8

  3. Stimulus and Response Stimulus: Anything that triggers a behavior Response: An organism’s reaction to a stimulus 17 How many stimuli and responses can you see in this picture?

  4. Not dependent on learning or environment Relatively inflexible. Fixed Action Pattern: behavior characteristic of a species The behavior may continue even when not really appropriate. Also called reflexes or instincts. Innate Behavior • Raccoon washing food • Animals Scratching • Suckling • Fear of heights 1

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  6. Niko Tinbergen’s Experiment8 Female wasps use the arrangement of landmarks to find their nests.

  7. 1. Imprinting: baby birds recognizing parent Timing is critical May not even be an organism Identified by naturalist Konrad Lorenz Learned Behaviors Develops as a result of learning. Changeable. 4 different kinds. 2 2

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  9. Learned Behaviors Nose getting used to an odor 2. Habituation: reduced response with repetition • Simplest form of learning • System gets “used to” the input and doesn’t respond to it as much. Needing more and more coffee to wake up 3 Contacts in eyes Sea slug (Aplysia) response to being poked

  10. Learned Behaviors 3. Conditioning • Changes innate response to a stimulus • Associates the stimulus with a new response “Pavlovian conditioning” 4 1. Bee ignores new odor 2. New odor repeatedly presented with sugar water… Be extends antennae to sugar. 3. Eventually, the bee responds to the odor alone.

  11. Learned Behaviors 4. Trial-and-Error Learning: - or “Trial-and-Success” - Organism makes random choices but can learn from the results… - “ Good” outcomes or rewards reinforce a successful choice Which balloon has the vanilla in it? 18

  12. Learned Behaviors 5. Reasoning • thinking that is coherent and logicalwww.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn • A method of thinking. www.uhnres.utoronto.ca/ehealth/html/glossary/eh_glossary.shtml • a set of cognitive processes by which an individual may infer a conclusion from an assortment of evidence or from statements of principleslms.thomsonelearning.com/hbcp/glossary/glossary.taf 20 19

  13. Behavior is a Phenotype! Hybrid Lovebirds’ nesting behavior is a combination of genes and environment Genes 8 Innate behaviors can sometimes be modified by learning Environment See p. 583 for other examples

  14. How do we study behavior? In natural surroundings In controlled environment Surveys Family Trees/Heritability Studies Twin Studies Correlation or Association Studies Gene Linkage Analysis Be able to identify Behavior studied Natural/Controlled Variable(s) changed Internal and external stimuli How do we study behavior? P. 585 Stickleback Mating & Red Bellies 6 5

  15. Correlation/Association Studies Correlation: A measure of the relationship between two variables. 1 – the two always occur together 0 – there is no relationship -1 – the two never occur together Which behavior is most likely to be caused by Gene 1? Correlation is NOT cause… just a place to start! See also p. 589

  16. Population = all organisms of one species living at the same time in the same area Genetically Influenced Population Behaviors Predation Distribution Mating Competition Societal Organization Organisms in a Population Organisms don’t exist in solitude, they interact with other organisms 7

  17. Animal Societies Population with leaders, followers, organization and cooperative behaviors Dominance Hierarchy:“pecking order” maintained by challenges and violent or non-violent behavior Caste System:Each organism has a clearly defined role and “place” in the society. May even have physical differences. Queen 10 Drone Worker Soldier Termites Coyotes 9

  18. Benefits Decrease competition within group Defense against predators Cooperation in tending young or finding food Exchange of information Increasedopportunities for reproduction Drawbacks Attract predators’ attention Increased competition for resources Praying Mantis 11 Pros & Cons of Social Living Prairie Dogs 11

  19. Why bother? Influence the behavior of another animal Warn comrades Convey information Food sources Mating/Courtship rituals How to do it? Sound Sight – Visual Cues Smell – Pheromones Touch Taste Communication 14 13

  20. The Dance of the Honeybees8 Waggle Dance: For food far away Round Dance: For food nearby

  21. Insect Pheromones15 Pheromone: chemical that changes the behavior of members of its own species; Communication by smell. • First discovered in the silkworm in 1959 • Often used by insects to help them find mates • We now know of over 400 insect pheromones 16

  22. Current Pheromone Research15 By The Pheromone Research Group Lund University, Sweden • Pheromones released by the female moth help the male find her for mating • He “smells” the pheromones in the air using very delicate, sensitive antennae. Agrotis segetum, the Turnip Moth, a Swedish moth species that is a pest on sugar beets, carrots etc. 15

  23. The researchers isolate the active chemical, then try to find synthetic substitutes. The synthetic pheromone can then be used for pest control “Mating Disruption” 16 16 Synthetic Pheromones

  24. Sources Cited • http://www.ultranet.com/~jkimball/BiologyPages/I/InnateBehavior.html • Imprinting: http://www.epub.org.br/cm/n14/experimento/lorenz/index-lorenz.html • Aplysia: www.brembs.net/learning/ aplysia/aplysia.html • Bees: marvin.caltech.edu/ ~stopfer/PER.html • Cecropia: http://www.ivyhall.district96.k12.il.us/4th/kkhp/1insects/cecropia.html • Stickleback: axon.bhs.mq.edu.au/PSY236/learning/ discrimination.html • Lions: lynx.uio.no/jon/gif/cats/ • BioCD. From Biology, Fifth Edition. Campbell, Reece, Mitchell. Addison, Wesley, Longman. 1999. • Coyote Dominance: www.virtualtexan.com/readingroom/ books/coyote5.htm • Termites: www.inspectnj.com/ Services.html • Prarie Dog: www.tpwd.state.tx.us/ park/lakearro/ • Mantis: abacus.gene.ucl.ac.uk/ jim/Mim/mantis.html • Hiss: www.water-spirit.com/Dragons_Lair/ cats.shtml • Peacock: www.firstscience.com/site/ articles/perception.asp • Pheromones: www.pheromone.ekol.lu.se/ vt2.html • Far Side Pheromone Cartoon: www.wsl.ch/forest/wus/entomo/ Ips/IpsBiology-de.ehtml • http://www.hotelcurracloe.com/bird_watching.htm • http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/7th/matter/sciber/6b.htm • http://edtechoutreach.umd.edu/images/computer.jpg • http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/medical-vision/surgery/surgical_navigation.html • Bioshow: for Biology: Concepts and Connections, Second Edition. Campbell, Mitchell, and Reece

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