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Why is it so complicated? Keeping track of Carbons How is it regulated?. From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Why is it so complicated?. Citric acid cycle components are important biosynthetic intermediates. Amphibolic pathway, i.e., serves in both catabolic & anabolic processes.
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Why is it so complicated? Keeping track of Carbons How is it regulated? From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Citric acid cycle components are important biosynthetic intermediates Amphibolic pathway, i.e., serves in both catabolic & anabolic processes From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Anaplerotic reactions replenish citric acid cycle intermediates Anaplerotic (meaning "filling up" in Greek) pathways replace lost carbon compounds that are drawn out of central metabolism to produce other cell constituents. TCA Cycle From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (or ATP), and 2 CO2 TCA Cycle From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Keeping track of the carbon atoms From oxaloacetate, not acetyl-CoA From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Under physiological conditions except for 1,3 & 4 all reaction have DG values closer to zero Standard free energy changes for TCA cycle DG' = -32.2 kJ/mol DG' = 29.7 kJ/mol DG' = 13.3 kJ/mol DG' = -3.8 kJ/mol DG' = -20.9 kJ/mol DG' = 0 kJ/mol DG' = -33.5 kJ/mol DG' = -2.9 kJ/mol From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
3. How is it regulated? Under physiological conditions except for 1,3 & 4 all reaction have DG values closer to zero DG' = -32.2 kJ/mol Standard free energy changes for TCA cycle DG' = -20.9 kJ/mol DG' = -33.5 kJ/mol From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle The citric acid cycle is regulated at its three exergonic steps From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
The Glyoxylate Cycle Electron micrograph of germinating cucumber seed In germinating seeds triacylglycerol is converted to acetyl-CoA & then to glucose using glyoxylate pathway
The Glyoxylate Cycle A variant of TCA for plants and bacteria • Acetate-based growth • Net synthesis of carbohydrates and other intermediates from acetate is not possible with TCA • Glyoxylate cycle offers a solution for plants and some bacteria and algae • The CO2-evolving steps are bypassed and an extra acetate is utilized • Isocitrate lyase and malate synthase are the short-circuiting enzymes
Glyoxalate Cycle (in plants, some invertebrates, and in some microoranisms, e.g., E. coli) From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Chapter 19 Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
6 carbon C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O 2 x 3 carbon 2 CO2 2 x 2 carbon The carbon is already converted to CO2. What is left is electrons in the form of NADH and FADH2. 2 x 2 CO2
{80% proteins} {30-40% lipids & 60-70% proteins} Provide inner membrane with large surface area Intermembrane space • Outer Membrane • Contains porin • Allows free diffusion of molecules • with molecular weight less than • 10,000 Porins are transmembrane channels for small molecules • Inner Membrane • Impermeable to molecules & ions
Matrix • contains all of TCA cycle enzymes {except, succinate dehydrogenase which is located in the inner membrane} • contains circular DNA, ribosomes and enzymes required to synthesize proteins encoded within the mitochondrial genome From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Separation of functional complexes of the respiratory chain Components of the electron transport chain can be purified from the mitochondrial inner membrane From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry