Daily Journal #61 – December 16, 2010

1. Daily Journal #61 – December 16, 2010 • What are the two most abundant elements in the Universe? Hint: they are the two simplest elements in structure. Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) 2. Hydrogen is the lightest element in the Periodic Table and is a gas at atmospheric temperatures. Why is it not used in balloons or blimps? Safety – Hydrogen is highly flammable – gas used instead is Helium (He) which is non-flammable 3. True or False? Graphite (the “lead” in a pencil) and diamonds are made of different forms of the same chemical element. Both are made of Carbon (C) Picture = Hindenburg disaster

2. Daily Journal #62 – December 19, 2010 • Which of the following sugars is found in milk: sucrose, fructose, lactose, or glucose? Fructose: sugar from fruits & vegetables – glucose: blood sugar – sucrose: table sugar 2. True or False? Gold, silver, and bronze are all elements. Gold (Au) & Silver (Ag) are elements – bronze is an metal alloy (mixture) primarily made of Tin (Sn) & Copper (Cu) 3. This element is one of the few on the Periodic Table that is a liquid at room temperature. Hint: once known as quicksilver. Mercury (Hg) Picture = lactose

3. Daily Journal #63 – December 20, 2010 • What is the copper (Cu) content of current US pennies: 95%, 75%, 57%, 24%, or < 3%? Cu content was 95% prior to 1959. Current composition of pennies = 97.5% zinc (Zn) core & 2.5% copper (Cu) plating 2. True or false? Current US dimes, quarters, & half-dollars have no silver (Ag) in them. Major metals in these coins are copper (Cu) & nickel (Ni) or copper (Cu) & zinc (Zn). 3. How many sculptures are there of Lincoln on a current US penny? 2 Picture = date & mint mark on penny

4. Daily Journal #64 – December 21, 2010 • All 1-letter (O, C, N, etc.) chemical symbols are capitalized. All multi-letter chemical symbols (Fe, Ar,Hg, Unq, etc.) have a 1st letter that is capitalized with all following letters in lower case. Why? Prevents confusion identifying chemicals in compounds. Example: without rule would CO be the molecule carbon monoxide (Carbon + Oxygen) or the element Cobalt (Co)? Every capital letter indicates the presence of an new element, every small letter is associated with the first capital letter on its left. 2. The chemical element iodine (I) is a necessary nutrient. From what source do many people get it? Iodized table salt (NaCl) 3. Extremely cold days are usually clear and sunny. Why? Cloud cover(on overcast day)acts like blanket keeping heat close to Earth’s surface Picture = goiters

5. Daily Journal #65 – December 22, 2010 • This form of carbon (C) is used in pencils and in powdered form can be a lock lubricant. graphite 2. What is 22% of 20,000? .22 x 20,000 = 4,400 3. True or false? The element tin (Sn) plays an important role in making many toothpastes. The compound stannous fluoride (SnF2) (1 tin atom bonded to 2 fluorine atoms) provides fluorine which reduces tooth decay Picture = graphite

6. Daily Journal #66 – December 23, 2010 • Assuming Rudolph is always in the lead, how many possible ways are there to a arrange the rest of the reindeer? 8! = 8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1 = 40,320 = 8 factorial 2. In what major country does every holiday first begin? Hint: it’s just west of the International Date Line New Zealand 3. What president did not allow Christmas trees to be placed in the White House? Hint: he was an avid environmentalist Teddy Roosevelt Picture = Jolie & Coltrane

7. Daily Journal #67 – January 3, 2011!!! • There are 32 teams in the NFL. All teams play 16 games during the regular season. How many regular season games are played? 256 = (32 teams x 16 games) ÷ 2 teams per game 2. 12 teams have made the NFL playoffs. How many games must be played (including the Super Bowl) to determine a champion? Hint: how many teams does each game eliminate? 11 3. Facts or opinions? Barack Obama is the 44th president. Pres. Obama has done an excellent job since his inauguration. Fact & opinion respectively Picture = Tylenol

8. Daily Journal #68 – January 4, 2011 1. What is the term for the temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas? Boiling point 2. What is the term for the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid? Melting point 3. True or False? A melting point temperature is the same as a freezing point temperature. Hint: think of water. Melting is a solid changing to a liquid – freezing is a liquid changing into a solid – these two processes (melting & freezing) happen at the same temperature but in different “directions” – melting is a warming process, freezing is a cooling process but they happen at the same temperature (example: melting point for water = 32°F or 100°C, freezing point for water = 32°F or 100°C) Picture = chemicals in human body

9. Daily Journal #69 – January 5, 2011 • Which element is used most often as fuel in a nuclear reactor? Hint: same element is used to make nuclear weapons Uranium (U) 2. The N side of Blue Mtn. at the Lehigh River Gap has been defoliated by the mining and processing of what element? Hint: element starts with letter Z Zinc (Zn) – caused by fumes from smelting (heating Zn ore rock to separate pure Zn metal from it) 3. In what physical phase (or state) are atoms or molecules packed most closely together: solid, liquid, gas, or plasma? Picture = zinc smelter & Blue Mtn.

10. Daily Journal #70 – January 6, 2011 • A fraction’s numerator stays the same while its denominator increases (ex.: 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, 1/7,1/8, 1/9, etc.). Therefore, the fraction’s value: increases, decreases, or stays the same. 2. A fraction’s denominator stays the same while its numerator increases (ex.: 1/2, 2/2, 3/2, 4/2, 5/2,6/2, 7/2, 8/2, etc.). Therefore, the fraction’s value: increases, decreases, or stays the same. 3. True or false? A fraction where the numerator is less than the denominator is always less than 1. Ex.: 2/3, 3/4, 6/8, 7/8, 9/10, 54/55, 671/672, 901/902, etc.picture = spinner

11. Daily Journal #71 – January 10, 2011 • What does the prefix pseudo- mean? Pseudonym What does the root pod- mean? Podiatrist, tripod Pseudo = false Pod = foot 2. What is (-1)2? What is (-1)3? What is (-1)400? What is (-1)401? + 1 + 1 - 1 - 1 Any negative number times itself an even number of times will give a + result ----- any negative number times itself an odd number of times will give a - result 3. A population of bacteria starting at 2 doubles itself every 1 hour. How many hours will it take to reach a population of 128 bacteria? 6 hours 2 → 4 → 8 → 16 → 32 → 64 → 128 Picture = pseudopods 6th hr. 1st hr. 2nd hr. 3rd hr. 4th hr. 5th hr.

12. Daily Journal #72 – January 11, 2011 • The chemical trinitrotoluene is better known by what set of initials? TNT 2. Quicksilver is another name for what chemical element? Mercury – (Hg) 3. What is the most massive (or heaviest) element with a one letter symbol? Uranium – (U) Picture = vanillin

13. Daily Journal #73 – January 13, 2011 • In math, what is the rule of signs (+ and – signs) in multiplication and division? Like signs result is + unlike signs result is – + x + = + + / + = + + x - = - + / - = - - x - = + - / - = + - x + = - - / + = - 2. I’m essential for life on Earth, I’m with you from birth, I’m in fire & rain, arteries & veins. What am I? Oxygen - (O) 3. I’m very light, invisible to human sight, if exposed to flame I explode with might, in rockets I power flights. What am I? Hydrogen – (H) Picture = penicillin

14. Daily Journal #74 – January 14, 2011 • What is 40% of 4? .4 x 4 = 1.6 2. What is .4% of 4? .004 x 4 = .016 3. What is 4000% of 4? 4000%/100% = 40 …..40 x 4 = 160 Picture = insulin

15. Daily Journal #75 – January 19, 2011 • True or false? If you climbed to the top of Mt. Everest, your mass would change. Number of atoms that makes up you does not change, therefore your mass doesn’t change 2. True or false? If you climbed to the top of Mt. Everest, your weight would change. It would be less. On top of Mt. Everest, you are 6 miles further from the center of the Earth and therefore 6 miles further away from the Earth’s mass. The force of gravity depends on the amount of mass involved and the distance between the mass involved. 3. True or false? Your weight would be different on the Moon & every planet in the Solar System. Your mass would be constant but different planets have different masses. Therefore, on a large very massive planet like Jupiter your weight would increase. On a smaller less massive planet like Mercury, your weight would decrease. Picture = lactose

16. Daily Journal #76 – January 20, 2011 • An event took place 25 hours and 55 minutes before 12:45 am on a Wednesday. On what day and time did it take place? 10:50 pm Monday 2. What does the prefix uni- mean? The suffix –ist? unicorn, unicycle, universe – biologist, scientist, chemist, psychologist, podiatrist Uni- = one -ist = a person who does/performs something 3. What is the next number in the series 1, 11, 20, 28, 35, 41, 46, 50, 53, 55, 56, ____? 56 – each addition is one less than the last – examples: 50 to 53 adds 3, 53 to 55 adds 2, 55 to 56 adds 1, the next step must be to add zero (56 + 0 = 56) Picture = nicotine

17. Daily Journal #77 – January 24, 2011 • The process of changing from a liquid to a gas is called what? (2 different terms) Boiling Evaporation 2. Tearing a piece of paper and boiling water both represent what type of change? Physical change – nothing is changed chemically 3. What is 500% of 500? 2,500 – 100% of any number is that number –--- 500% / 100% = 5 --- therefore 500% of 500 = 5 x 500 = 2,500 Picture = kidney stone

18. Daily Journal #78 – January 25, 2011 • A neutron walks into a shop looking for a shirt. Finding one he/she/it asks the price. What is the reply? “for you - no charge” 2. What is the common name for dihydrogen monoxide? Water - (H2O) 3. Which element has close to 10,000,000 known compounds? Hint: it is a key element in biochemistry. Carbon – (C) Picture = snow/ice

19. Daily Journal #79 – January 26, 2011 1. Density = mass/volume (or grams/liters in the metric system). Are the following densities increasing or decreasing? 1g/5L, 1g/6L, 1g/7L, 1g/8L (mass staying constant, volume increasing) 1g/5L = .200g/L, 1g/6L = .167g/L, 1g/7L = .143g/L, 1g/8L = .125g/L 2. The theoretical probability of heads on a coin toss = .5 Can the experimental (actual) probability be different than the theoretical probability? Yes!! if you toss a coin 100 times the actual experimental results could be anywhere from 0 (0 heads/100 tosses) to 1 (100 heads/100 tosses) 3. What do the prefixes omni- & oct- mean? Omni = all Omnivore, omnipotent Oct = 8 picture = menthol Octagon, octopus, octal

20. Daily Journal #80 – January 31, 2011 1. With one shake of a six-sided die, what is the probability of 2 being the result? 1/6 = 1 qualifying outcome/6 possible outcomes 2. With two shakes of a six-sided die, what is the probability of getting two 2’s in a row? 1/36 = 1/6 X 1/6 = 1/62 3. With six shakes of a six-sided die, what is the probability of getting six 2’s in a row? 1/46,656 = 1/6 x 1/6 x 1/6 x 1/6 x 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/66 Look what happens if you add instead of multiply!! 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 = 1 A probability of 1 means it will always happen!! This means you’ll always get 6 2’s with six shakes of the die??????????? ---- Baloney!!!!!!! Picture = salt water density graph