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Law of the Sea: Navigation & Overflight Rights

Law of the Sea: Navigation & Overflight Rights. Warships. Definition belong to armed forces of a state military markings commanded by commissioned officer crew under armed forces discipline Sovereign Immunity immune from boarding, arrest

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Law of the Sea: Navigation & Overflight Rights

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  1. Law of the Sea:Navigation & Overflight Rights

  2. Warships • Definition • belong to armed forces of a state • military markings • commanded by commissioned officer • crew under armed forces discipline • Sovereign Immunity • immune from boarding, arrest • expected to comply w/ lawful coastal state requirements

  3. Auxiliaries & Military Aircraft • Auxiliaries Definition • owned or exclusive control of armed forces • sovereign immunity • Military Aircraft Definition • operated by armed forces • military markings • commanded by commissioned officer • crew under armed forces discipline

  4. Navigation & Overflight:Internal Waters • Waters Landward of Baselines • Entry Permission Required • exceptions for ships • many states grant standing permission for merchant ships

  5. Navigation & Overflight: Territorial Sea • Innocent Passage • Ships: continuous & expeditious travel • passage is innocent unless it involves: • threat or use of force • exercise or practice with weapons • collection of defense or security information • propaganda • launching, landing, taking on board aircraft • violating customs, fiscal, immigration, sanitary laws

  6. Navigation & Overflight: Territorial Sea • passage is innocent unless it involves: • willful and serious pollution • research or survey activity • other activity not directly bearing on passage • Right of All Surface Ships • unimpeded and unannounced

  7. Navigation & Overflight: Territorial Sea • Aircraft Have No Right of Innocent Passage • Right of Assistance Entry

  8. Navigation & Overflight: International Straits Strait Overlapped by Territorial Sea Connecting High Seas or EEZ

  9. Navigation & Overflight:Transit Passage • Non-Suspendable & Unimpeded • Right of All Ships & Aircraft • Navigation & Overflight Solely for Continuous & Expeditious Transit • Normal Mode of Operation

  10. Navigation & Overflight: International Straits • Strait with High Seas or EEZ Corridor • high seas freedoms of navigation and overflight within the corridor • all ships & aircraft

  11. Navigation & Overflight: International Straits • Strait Regulated by International Convention Turkish Straits

  12. Navigation & Overflight: International Straits • Strait Between the Mainland & an Island • Non-suspendable innocent passage for ships Straits of Messina

  13. Navigation & Overflight: International Straits • “Dead End” Straits • Non-suspendable innocent passage for ships Bahrain-Saudi Arabia Passage

  14. Navigation & Overflight:Archipelagic Waters • Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage • non-suspendable & unobstructed • right of all ships & aircraft • through all normal routes used for international navigation & overflight • solely for continuous & expeditious transit • normal mode of operation

  15. Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage ARCHIPELAGIC SEA LANE ARCHIPELAGIC BASELINE

  16. Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage in Designated Sea Lane

  17. Navigation & Overflight:Archipelagic Waters • Innocent Passage • outside routes normally used for international navigation • right of all ships

  18. Navigation & Overflight:International Waters • Contiguous Zones, Exclusive Economic Zones, High Seas • all ships and aircraft • high seas navigation and overflight freedoms and other internationally lawful uses of the sea

  19. Navigation & Overflight:High Seas Freedoms • Examples: • surveillance • Intelligence collection • flight operations • maneuvering • exercises • weapons tests • hydrographic and military surveys

  20. Navigation & Overflight:International Waters US EP-3 Electronic Surveillance Aircraft PRC F-8 Fighter Jet

  21. Navigation & Overflight:International Waters • Due Regard Standard

  22. Navigation & Overflight:Nuclear Free Zones • Treaty Established on Regional Basis • treaty parties obligated not to acquire or permit stationing of nuclear weapons on territory or within territorial sea • Protocols Open to Declared Nuclear Weapon States • protocol parties obligated not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons or station them within territory or territorial seas of parties in the zone

  23. Navigation & Overflight:Nuclear Free Zones • Latin America (1969) • South Pacific (1986) • Africa • Southeast Asia (1997) • Freedom of Navigation Unaffected in Latin, South Pacific & Africa NFZs

  24. Navigation & Overflight:Exercise & Assertion of Rights • Maintaining Customary International Law of the Sea • preserving persistent objector status • U.S. Freedom of Navigation Program • impartially rejects excessive maritime claims • Conducted in low-key, non-threatening manner

  25. Navigation & Overflight:Safety Rules • Ships within International Waters • 72 COLREGS • Ships within National Waters • 72 COLREGS or national rules within territorial sea • Aircraft within International Airspace

  26. Overflight in Outer Space • Freedom of Transit • overflight of land territory, national and international waters

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