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Mixed Methods Research

Mixed Methods Research. Professor Dr. Khalid Mahmood University of the Punjab Lahore – PAKISTAN. Acknowledgement. This presentation has been prepared with the help of many books and presentations on the topic.

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Mixed Methods Research

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  1. Mixed Methods Research Professor Dr. Khalid Mahmood University of the Punjab Lahore – PAKISTAN

  2. Acknowledgement • This presentation has been prepared with the help of many books and presentations on the topic. • The presenter pays his sincere gratitude to all authors, professors and experts for their efforts and contributions. • Particular thanks to Professor John W. Creswell of University of Nebraska-Lincoln for his un-matched contribution on the topic.

  3. Agenda • Three types of research designs • Qualitative vs. quantitative research • Pragmatism – Philosophy behind MMR • Reasons for “mixing” • How methods can be mixed • Planning mixed methods procedures • Notations to describe MM designs • 6 mixed methods designs • Further readings

  4. Three types of research designs • Qualitative research – exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. • Quantitative research – testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. • Mixed methods research – an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms.

  5. Qualitative vs. quantitative research

  6. Qualitative vs. quantitative research

  7. Qualitative vs. quantitative research

  8. Pragmatism – Philosophy behind MMR • Arises out of actions, situations, and consequences rather than antecedent conditions. • There is a concern with applications—what works—and solutions to problems. • Instead of focusing on methods, researchers emphasize the research problem and use all approaches available to understand the problem.

  9. Reasons for “mixing” The insufficient argument – either quantitative or qualitative may be insufficient by itself Multiple angles argument – quantitative and qualitative approaches provide different “pictures” The more-evidence-the-better argument – combined quantitative and qualitative provides more evidence Community of practice argument – mixed methods may be the preferred approach within a scholarly community Eager-to-learn argument – it is the latest methodology “Its intuitive” argument – it mirrors “real life”

  10. How methods can be mixed

  11. Planning mixed methods procedures

  12. Notations to describe MM designs

  13. Mixed methods designs • Sequential Explanatory Design • Sequential Exploratory Design • Sequential Transformative Design • Concurrent Triangulation Design • Concurrent Embedded Design • Concurrent Transformative Design

  14. qualData & Results QUANData & Results Interpretation Following up Sequential explanatory design

  15. Sequential explanatory design: Characteristics • Viewing the study as a two-phase project • Collecting quantitative data first followed by collecting qualitative data second • Typically, a greater emphasis is placed on the quantitative data in the study • Example: You first conduct a survey and then follow up with a few individuals who answered positively to the questions through interviews

  16. Sequential explanatory design: When do you use it? • When you want to explain the quantitative results in more depth with qualitative data (e.g., statistical differences among groups, individuals who scored at extreme levels) • When you want to identify appropriate participants to study in more depth qualitatively

  17. Sequential explanatory design: Sample script The purpose of this two-phase, explanatory mixed methods study will be to obtain statistical, quantitative results from a sample and then follow-up with a few individuals to probe or explore those results in more depth. In the first phase, quantitative research questions or hypotheses will address the relationship or comparison of __________ (independent) and ________ (dependent) variables with ___________ (participants) at ___________(the research site). In the second phase, qualitative interviews or observations will be used to problem significant _______(quantitative results) by exploring aspects of the ________ (central phenomenon) with _______ (a few participants) at ____________ (research site).

  18. quanData & Results QUALData & Results Interpretation Building to Sequential exploratory design

  19. Sequential exploratory design: Characteristics • Viewing the study as a two-phase project • Qualitative data collection precedes quantitative data collection • Typically, greater emphasis is placed on the qualitative data in the study • Example: You collect qualitative diary entries, analyze the data for themes, and then develop an instrument based on the themes to measure attitudes on a quantitative survey administered to a large sample.

  20. Sequential exploratory design: When do you use it? • To develop an instrument when one is not available (first explore, then develop instrument) • To develop a classification or typology for testing • To identify the most important variables to study quantitatively when these variable are not known

  21. Sequential exploratory design: Sample script The purpose of this two-phase, exploratory mixed methods study will be to explore participant views with the intent of using this information to develop and test an instrument with a sample from a population. The first phase will be a qualitative exploration of a _______(central phenomenon) by collecting ___________(data) from ____________ (participants) at _______ (research site). Themes from this qualitative data will then be developed into an instrument (or survey) so that the __________ (theory and research questions/hypotheses) can be tested that ________ (relate, compare) ____________ (independent variable) with __________ (dependent variable) for _________(sample of a population) at _________ (research site).

  22. Sequential transformative design QUAL quanSocial science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview QUAN qualSocial science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview

  23. Sequential transformative design: Characteristics • Has two distinct data collection phases • A theoretical perspective is used to guide the study • Purpose is to use methods that will best serve the theoretical perspective of the researcher

  24. Concurrent triangulation design + QUAN Data and Results QUAL Data and Results Interpretation

  25. Concurrent triangulation design: Characteristics • Collecting both quantitative and qualitative data • Collecting these data at the same time in the research procedure • Analyzing the quantitative and qualitative data separately • Comparing or combining the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis • Example: collect survey data (quantitative) and collect individual interviews (qualitative) and then compare the results

  26. Concurrent triangulation design: When is it used? • When you want to combine the advantages of quantitative (trends, large numbers, generalization) with qualitative (detail, small numbers, in-depth) • When you want to validate your quantitative findings with qualitative data • When you want to expand your quantitative findings with some open-ended qualitative data (e.g., survey with closed- and open-ended data)

  27. QUANPre-test Data & Results QUANPost-test Data & Results Interpretation qualProcess Intervention Concurrent embedded design QUAN QUAL qual quan

  28. Concurrent embedded design: Characteristics • One data collection phase during which both quantitative and qualitative data are collected (one is determined to be the primary method). • The primary method guides the project and the secondary provides a supporting role in the procedures. • The secondary method is “embedded” or “nested” within the predominant method and addresses a different question.

  29. Sample script for a concurrent design (Triangulation or nested) The purpose of this concurrent mixed methods study is to better understand a research problem by converging both quantitative (numeric) and qualitative (text or image) data. In this approach, ___________ (quantitative instruments) will be used to measure the relationship between the ________ (independent variables) and __________ (dependent variables). At the same time in the study, the __________ (central phenomenon) will be explored using _____________ (qualitative interviews, documents, observations, visual materials) with _________ (participants) at ____________ (the research site).

  30. Concurrent transformative design QUAN + QUAL Social science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview QUAL Social science theory, qualitative theory, advocacy worldview quan

  31. Concurrent transformative design: Characteristics • Guided by a theoretical perspective. • Concurrent collection of both quantitative and qualitative data. • The design may have one method embedded in the other so that diverse participants are given a choice in the change process of an organization.

  32. Further readings

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