Unit 1 Introduction to DBMS (Database Management Systems)

1. Application program End-user DBMS Unit 1 Introduction to DBMS(Database Management Systems)

2. Outline of Unit 1 1.1 Information Systems 1.2 An Overview of a Database System 1.3 An Architecture for a Database System 1.4 Database Technology Trends

3. 1.1 Information Systems

4. Stages of Information System • Stage 0: Manual Information System • Records • Files • Index Cards • Stage 1: Sequential Information Systems • Tapes • Files • slow, non-interactive, redundancy,... . • Stage 2: File Based Information Systems • Disk (direct access) • application program has its own file data dependence • data redundancy • Stage 3: DBMS based Information Systems • Generalized data management software • Transaction processing

5. Enterprise: Customer Application Program A ApplicationSystem A File System A Application Program B ApplicationSystem B File System B Invoice … ApplicationSystem N ApplicationProgram N Inventory File System N File Based Information Systems • Conventional Data Processing techniques:

6. Customer Invoice Customer No. Customer Name Part No. Quantities Unit Price Customer No. Customer Name Customer Addr. Social Security ID Inventory Parts Part No. Part Description Unit Price Supplier Quantities Remain Quantities Ordered Part No. Part Description Supplier Quantities Ordered Customer Name Unit Price File Based Information Systems (cont.)

7. User A1 User A2 User B1 User B2 User B3 Host Language + DSL Host Language + DSL Host Language + DSL Host Language + DSL Host Language + DSL C, Pascal DSL (Data Sub Language) e.g. SQL 3 1 2 External View B External View @ # & External schema A External schema B External/conceptual mapping B External/conceptual mapping A Database management system dictionary (DBMS) e.g. system catalog Conceptual View Conceptual schema < DBA Conceptual/internal mapping (Build and maintain schemas and mappings) Storage structure definition (Internal schema) ... 1 3 2 100 Stored database (Internal View) # @ &

8. DBMS Application program End-user DBMS based Information Systems: Basic Approach - Integration • (1) Integration of Information • Description of the integrated view of data is the "Conceptual Schema" of the database

9. S S# DBMS based Information Systems: Basic Approach – Simple views and High level language • (2) Provide simple views (External Schema) and high level language (e.g. SQL) for users to manipulate (handle) data • High level language: e.g. SQL (Structured Query Language) <e.g.>: SELECT SNAME FROM S WHERE S#= 'S4'; • Description of user's view of data is the "external schema" or "subschema" or "view". • High-level languages (Query Language): SQL (1) Data Definition Language: define format (2) Data Manipulation Language: retrieve, insert, delete, update • Emphasize: EASE OF USE !! name

10. User: query in SQL Language Processor DBMS Access Methods Calls Access Method (B+ tree, Dynamic Hashing) I/O calls DBMS based Information Systems: Basic Approach - Storage/Access Method • (3) Efficient Storage/Access Techniques: • implemented once rather than duplicated in all application programs.

11. DBMS based Information Systems: Basic Approach - Transaction Management • (4) Provide Transaction Management: • Concurrency Control • Recovery • Security • . :

12. DBMS Language Processor Internal Form : • ((S SP) Optimizer Language Processor Operator Processor Access Method Access Method e.g.B-tree; Index; Hashing File System database Example: A Simple Query Processing Query in SQL： SELECT CUSTOMER. NAME FROM CUSTOMER, INVOICE WHERE REGION = 'N.Y.' AND AMOUNT > 10000 AND CUTOMER.C#=INVOICE.C Operator : SCAN C using region index, create C SCAN I using amount index, create I SORT C?and I?on C# JOIN C?and I?on C# EXTRACT name field Calls to Access Method： OPEN SCAN on C with region index GET next tuple . . . Calls to file system： GET10th to 25th bytes from block #6 of file #5

13. 1.2 An Overview of a Database System

14. Bin Wine Producer Year Bottle Ready Comments • 2 Chardonnay Buena Vista 83 1 85 • 3 Chardonnay Louis Martini 81 5 84 • 6 Chardonnay Chappellet 82 4 85 Thanksgiving • 12 Jo. Riesling Buena Vista 82 1 83 Late Harvest • 16 Jo. Riesling Sattui 82 1 83 Very dry • 43 Cab. Sauvignon Robt. Mondavi 77 12 87 • 50 Pinot Noir Mirassou 77 3 85 Harvest • 51 Pinot Noir Ch. St. Jean 78 2 86 Wine Bin Producer Chardonnay 2 Buena Vista Chardonnay 6 Chappellet Pinot Noir 50 Mirassou An Example • The Wine Cellar Database: Cellar: • Retrieval: • DML (Data Manipulation Language): SELECT Wine, Bin, Producer FROM Cellar WHERE Ready = 85; • Result:

15. Bin Wine Producer Year Bottle Ready Comments • 43 Cab. Sauvignon Robt. Mondavi 77 12 87 • 51 Pinot Noir Ch. St. Jean 78 2 86 • 53 Pinot Noir Franciscan 79 1 86 for Joan An Example (cont.) • Deletion: • DML:DELETE FROM Cellar WHERE Ready < 86; • Result: • Insertion: • DML:INSERT INTO Cellar VALUES (53, 'Pinot Noir', 'Franciscan', 79, 1, 86, 'for Joan'); • Result: Bin Wine Producer Year Bottle Ready Comments • 43 Cab. Sauvignon Robt. Mondavi 77 12 87 • 51 Pinot Noir Ch. St. Jean 78 2 86

16. An Example (cont.) • Update • DML:UPDATE Cellar SET Bottles = 4 WHERE Bin = 51; • Result: Bin Wine Producer Year Bottle Ready Comments • 43 Cab. Sauvignon Robt. Mondavi 77 12 87 • 51 Pinot Noir Ch. St. Jean 78 4 86 • 53 Pinot Noir Franciscan 79 1 86 for Joan

17. DBMS Application program End-user What is a Database System?

18. What is a Database System? (cont.) • Major components of a database system: • Data: integrated and shared. • Hardware: disk, CPU, Main Memory, ... • Software: DBMS • Users: 1. Application programmers 2. End users 3. Database administrator (DBA) • Defining external schema • Defining conceptual schema • Defining internal schema • Liaison with users • Defining security and integrity checks • Defining backup and recovery procedures • Monitoring performance and changing requirements

19. Why Database ? • Redundancy can be reduced • Inconsistency can be avoided • The data can be shared • Standards can be enforced • Security restrictions can be applied • Integrity can be maintained • Provision of data independence objective !

20. Data Independence • Application Program  Data Structure • Immunity of application to change in storage structure and access strategy.

21. S S# S1 S2 ： Sn sn s1 s2 STop Data Dependence vs. Data Independence • Data Dependent e.g. SELECT CITY FROM S WHERE ITEM = 'X'; • Linked list:TOP if item = TOP. item then ......... • Tree: . if item < root.data then root := root.left .......... • Array: if A[I] = item then ............ • Storage structure changed  program changed

22. 1.3 An Architecture for aDatabase System

23. User A1 User A2 User B1 User B2 User B3 Host Language + DSL Host Language + DSL Host Language + DSL Host Language + DSL Host Language + DSL (Data Sub Language) e.g. SQL, QUEL External View B External View @ # A & External schema A External schema B External/conceptual mapping B External/conceptual mapping A Database management system (DBMS) Conceptual View Conceptual schema < @ & #A DBA Conceptual/internal mapping (Build and maintain schemas and mappings) Storage structure definition (Internal schema) Stored database (Internal View) # @ &

24. An Example of the Three Levels • Internal level: STORED_EMP length = 18 PREFIX TYPE = BYTE(6), OFFSET = 0, INDEX = EMPX EMP# TYPE = BYTE(6), OFFSET=0, DEPT# TYPE = BYTE(4), OFFSET = 12 PAY TYPE = FULLWORD, OFFSET = 16 • Conceptual level: EMPLOYEE EMPLOYEE_NUMBER CHARACTER(6) DEPARTMENT_NUMBER CHARACTER(4) SALARY NUMERIC(5) • External level: • ( PL /I ) DCL 1 EMP 2 EMP# CHAR(6) 2 SAL FIXED BIN(31) • (COBOL) 01 EMPC 02 EMPNO PIC X(4) 02 DEPTNO PIC X(4)

25. Functions of the DBMS • Data Definition Language (DDL) • Data Manipulation Language (DML) • Data Security and Integrity • Data Recovery and Concurrency • Data Dictionary • Performance

26. 1960s to Mid-1970s 1970s to Mid-1980s Late 1980s Future Merging data models, knowledge representation, and programming languages Semantic Object-oriented Logic Network Hierarchical Relational Data Model Mainframes Minis PCs Faster PCs Workstations Database machines Database Hardware Parallel processing Optical memories Mainframes Query languages - SQL, QUEL Graphics Menus Query-by-forms User Interface None Forms Natural language Speech input Embedded query language Integrated database and programming language Program Interface 4GL Logic programming Procedural Report generators Information and transaction processing Business graphics Image output Knowledge processing Generalized display managers Distributed knowledge processing Presentation and display processing Reports Processing data 1.4 Database Technology Trends

27. Hsinchu computers Taipei Kaoshiung communication links Taichung Distributed Databases Database Distributed System • Distributed database is a database that is not stored in its entirety at a single physical location, but rather is spread across a network of computer. • < e.g.>

28. Distributed Databases (cont.) • Advantages: • efficiency of local processing • data sharing • Disadvantages: • communication overhead • implementation difficulties • Reference: S. Ceri and G. Pelagatti "Distributed Databases: principles and systems"

29. Multidatabase . . . INGRES IMS ORION • semantic inconsistency Object- Oriented Model Relational Model Hierarchical Model • data incompleteness • global schema Multi-Database/Heterogeneous Database

30. Database AI Query DBMS Language Processor Knowledge Base Query Optimizer Operator Processor Access Method File Manager Logical DB design Distributed DB design Knowledge Base Knowledge Base DB + AI

31. Database Logic Query : ? :- ancestor (taro, Y) ? :- grandfather (?, c) User Program Knowledge management program IDB: ancestor(X,Y):- parent(X,Y) ancestor(X,Y) :- parent(X,Z), ancestor(Z,Y) parent(X,Y):-edb(father(X,Y)) parent(X,Y):-edb(mother(X,Y)) grandfather(X,Z):- father(X,Y) ^ father(Y,Z) IDB relational interface father mother Relational DB management program EDB: father son A B X Y . . . . B C EDB KBMS • A Combined Model : Logic Programming + Relational DB • Three layers :

32. Object-Oriented Database speakervoice message associated MCC To: W. Kim From: D. Woolk Date: September 18, 1992 can be heard Subject: Workstations In the computer center of National Chiao-Tung University, there are a lot of workstations. There are HP RS serials, SUNs, Apollo, and so on. The students in NCTU learn to use workstation since they are fresh- men. The configuration of the workstations follows: . . . In the course introduction to Computer Science? students do their homework's on workstations. } graphics } text } Workstation Workstation image Database Server OODB • A typical Document : MEMO[Woelk86, SIGMOD]

33. Manufacturing Database Design Release Control Detailed Design Fabrication Assembly Info Analysis Models DBMS Database Management System Preliminary- design Test / Inspection Graphic Interface Language Interface INTERFACE APPLICATION Design Analysis Design Verification Evaluation Synthesis Release Manufacturing Planning Project Management Production Control Use of a Database Management System in Design and Application

34. NAME SEX HEIGHT WEIGHT IQ Mary F 158 55 High Linda F 165 55 Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fuzzy Set Theory Database Fuzzy Database • Fuzzy Query <e.g.> SELECT STUDENT.NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE SEX = M AND HEIGH = TALLER AND WEIGH = SLIMMER STUDENT: <e.g.> SELECT STUDENT.NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE IQ >= 130

35. DB ??? 2006 ? More? AI DB DB 911/ Anthrax 1993 2001 ? ? VR DB DB DNA/BioInfo. ? 1995 2003 ? DB DB WWW ??? SARS 1997 2004 ? ? Mobile/video DB 1999 ?