Chapter 13

1. 0 Chapter 13 Learning and Memory PSY 627 BARDO

2. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

3. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

4. Learning • Process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior. • Habituation • Decrement in reflexive response due to repeated stimulus presentation. 0

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6. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

7. Classical conditioning • Unconditioned stimulus (US) • Unconditioned response (UR) • Conditioned stimulus (CS) • Conditioned response (CR) 0

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9. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

10. Instrumental conditioning • A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior; also called operant conditioning. 0

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12. Reinforcing stimulus • Appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become more frequent. • Punishing stimulus • Aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become less frequent. 0

13. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

14. Long-term potentiation (LTP) • Long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron caused by repeated high-frequency activity of input. • Associative long-term potentiation • LTP in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones.

21. NMDA receptor • Specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions. • AMPA receptor • Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; when its open, it produces EPSPs.

22. CaM-KII • Type II calcium-calmodulin kinase; enzyme activated by calcium and plays role in establishment of LTP. • Nitric oxide synthase • An enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide.

25. Medial forebrain bundle (MFB) • Fiber bundle that runs through lateral hypothalamus; electrical stimulation of MFB is reinforcing. • Ventral tegmental area (VTA) • Dopaminergic neurons in midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical system; plays role in reinforcement. • Nucleus accumbens • Nucleus of the forebrain that receives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of VTA; involved in reinforcement.

26. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

27. Declarative memory • Memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person’s past. • Nondeclarative memory • Memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory.

28. Episodic memories • Memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by a particular context. • Semantic memories • A memory of facts and general information.

33. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

35. Spatial memories • Functional imaging studies have shown that the right hippocampal formation becomes active when a person is remembering or performing a navigational task. • Place cell • A neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment; most typically found in the hippocampal formation.

36. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

38. Consolidation • Process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories. • Short-term memory • Immediate memory for events, which may or may not be consolidated into long-term memory. • Long-term memory • Relatively stable memory of events that occurred in the more distant past.

40. Anterograde amnesia • Amnesia for events that occur after trauma. • Retrograde amnesia • Amnesia for events that occur just prior to the brain trauma.

41. Korsakoff’s syndrome • Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage resulting from chronic alcoholism. • Confabulation • The reporting of memories of events that did not take place without the intention to deceive, seen in people with Korsakoff’s syndrome.