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THE SUN

Nada Al-Haddad KU Leuven. THE SUN. SHINE 2011. 1. OUTLINES. Properties Core Radiative Zone Convective Zone Photosphere Chromosphere Corona. 2. Properties. Main Sequence G star M ⨀ = 2x10 30 kg R ⨀ = 7x10 8 m = 7x10 5 km

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THE SUN

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  1. Nada Al-Haddad KU Leuven THE SUN SHINE 2011 1

  2. OUTLINES • Properties • Core • Radiative Zone • Convective Zone • Photosphere • Chromosphere • Corona 2

  3. Properties • Main Sequence G star • M⨀= 2x1030 kg • R⨀ = 7x108 m = 7x105 km • L⨀ = 3.9x1026 W (Solar Constant = 1350 W/m2) • Mean Density = Mass/Volume = M/((4/3)πR3)= 1400 kg/m3 = 1.4 g/cm3 3

  4. Main Regions 4

  5. Main Regions The core Energy generation through nuclear burning 5

  6. Main Regions The core Energy generation through nuclear burning Adapted from George Rafflet at Jigsaw, India 2007 6

  7. Main Regions Radiative Zone Energy transportation through Radiation 7

  8. Main Regions Convective Zone Energy transportation through Convection 8

  9. Main Regions Convective Zone Energy generation through nuclear burning 9

  10. Photosphere • Source of Photons • 6000 K Features: • SUNSPOTS • Low temperature in the photosphere ~ 4780 K • Intense magnetic field • Days-Weeks 10

  11. Chromosphere • 1600 Km • 10^-4 the intensity of the photosphere • Temperature increase 4400-100000 K • He II, Fe II, Si II, Cr II and Ca II Features: • Flares • Prominences 11

  12. Transition region 12

  13. Corona 5273 K • Very high temperature • Visible at total eclipse • No well defined outer boundary • Low density Features: 2,000,273 K • Coronal holes • Dark in X-ray and EUV • Low density • High speed Solar wind 13

  14. Solar wind • Constant stream of charged particles (Plasma) from Sun to beyond pluto ( 5900 million km) • 95% protons & electrons, 5% isotopes: helium-3, helium-4, neon-20, neon-21, neon-22, and argon-36 • Average speed 450 km/s • Average Density4 atoms/cm3 • Shapes the magnetosphere 14

  15. Solar wind • Constant stream of charged particles (Plasma) from Sun to beyond pluto ( 5900 million km) • 95% protons & electrons, 5% isotopes: helium-3, helium-4, neon-20, neon-21, neon-22, and argon-36 • Average speed 450 km/s • Average Density4 atoms/cm3 • Shapes the magnetosphere 15

  16. Solar Cycle 16

  17. Solar Cycle 17

  18. Coronal Mass Ejections • explosions in the Sun's corona • huge bubbles of gas threaded with magnetic field lines • 10^6 K • A lot of material is thrown out into the solar wind • CME's can seriously disrupt the Earth's environment 18

  19. Dank U Wel! 19

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