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Corporate Finance

Corporate Finance. Lecture Two – Financial Statements. Learning Objectives. 1. Explain the foundations of the balance sheet and income statement 2. Use the cash flow identity to explain cash flow. 3. Provide some context for financial reporting.

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Corporate Finance

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  1. Corporate Finance Lecture Two – Financial Statements

  2. Learning Objectives 1. Explain the foundations of the balance sheet and income statement 2. Use the cash flow identity to explain cash flow. 3. Provide some context for financial reporting. 4. Recognize and view Internet sites that provide financial information.

  3. 2.1 Financial Statements • Four main financial statements: • Balance sheet • Income Statement • Statement of Retained Earnings • Statement of Cash Flow • Our focus.. • Interrelationship between the balance sheet and the income statement – • The process by which these statements can be used to project a firm’s future cash flows,

  4. 2.1 Financial Statements (continued) (A) Balance Sheet • Represents the assets owned by the company and the claims against those assets • Based on the accounting identity: Assets  Liabilities + Owners’ Equity (2.1)

  5. Figure 2.1 Balance sheet

  6. 2.1 (A) Balance Sheet Has 5 main sections: 1. Cash account • Where did the $65 million decline come from? 2. Working capital accounts • Net working capital = Current assets – Current liabilities (2.2) 3. Long-term asset accounts • Plant and equipment; land and buildings • Gross value – accumulated depreciation = Net value 4. Long-term liabilities (debt) accounts • Loans maturing in over 1 year 5. Ownership accounts • Shareholders’ equity • Retained earnings—accumulated total since inception

  7. 2.1 (B) The Income Statement • Shows the expenses and revenues generated by a firm over a past period, typically a quarter or a year. • Net income = Revenues – expenses (2.3) • EBIT = Revenues – operating expenses (2.4)

  8. 2.1 (B) Income Statement example Figure 2.2

  9. 2.1 (B) The Income Statement (continued) • Net income is not the same as cash flow • Firm earned an income of $5,642 million • Cash account decreased by 65 million • 3 reasons: • Accrual accounting • Non-cash expense items --depreciation • Preference to classify interest expense as part of financial cash flow

  10. 2.1 (C) The Statement of Retained Earnings Figure 2.4

  11. 2.2 Cash Flow Identity and the Statement of Cash Flows The cash flow identity states that the cash flow on the left-hand side of the balance sheet is equal to the cash flow on the right-hand side of the balance sheet. CASH FLOW CASH FLOW CASH FLOW FROM ASSETS = TO CREDITORS + TO OWNERS

  12. Figure 2.5 Cash Flow Identity and components

  13. 2.2 (A) The First Component: Cash Flow From Assets 3 components: • Operating cash flow (OCF) • Net capital spending (NCS) • Change in net working capital (∆NWC) • Cash flow from assets = OCF – NCS - ∆NWC OCF = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes NCS = End. Net – Beg. Net + Depreciation Fixed Assets Fixed Assets ∆NWC=Ending NWC – Beginning NWC

  14. 2.2 (A) The First Component: Cash Flow From Assets (continued) • OCF = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes Figure 2.3

  15. 2.2 (A) The First Component: Cash Flow From Assets (continued) • NCS = End. Net – Beg. Net + Depreciation • Fixed Assets Fixed Assets NCS= ($11,961 - $10,788) + $1,406 = $2,579

  16. 2.2 (A) The First Component: Cash Flow From Assets (continued) ∆NWC=Ending NWC – Beginning NWC Net working capital for 2007 = $9,130 - $6,860 = $2,270 Net working capital for 2006 = $10,454 - $9,406 = $1,048 Change in NWC = $2,270 - $1,048 = $1,222

  17. 2.2 (A) The First Component: Cash Flow From Assets (continued) • Putting it all together…. • Cash flow from Assets = OCF – NCS - ∆ NWC =$7,287-$2,579-$1,222 =$3,486

  18. 2.2 (B) The Second Component: Cash Flow To Creditors Cash Flow to Creditors = Interest Expense  Net New Borrowing from Creditors Net New Borrowing = Ending Long-term Liabilities  Beginning Long-Term Liabilities Cash Flow to Creditors = $239 (-$378)  $617

  19. 2.2 (C) The Third Component: Cash Flow To Owners Cash flow to owners = Dividends - Net new borrowing from owners = $2,869 - $0 = $2,869

  20. 2.2 (C) Putting It All Together: The Cash Flow Identity Cash flow from assets = cash flow from creditors + cash flow to owners $3,486 = $617 + $2,869

  21. 2.3 Financial Performance Reporting • Annual reports to shareholders • Quarterly (10-Q) and annual (10-K) reports filed with the SEC • Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg. FD) • Notes to the Financial Statements

  22. 2.4 Financial Statements on the Internet • EDGAR (www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml) • Yahoo! Finance (http://finance.yahoo.com.) • Many, many more websites with wealth of information

  23. Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 1 Balance Sheet. Chuck Enterprises has current assets of $300,000, and total assets of $750,000. It also has current liabilities of $125,000, common equity of $250,000, and retained earnings of $85,000. How much long-term debt and fixed assets does the firm have?

  24. Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 1 (Answer) Current Assets + Fixed Assets = Total Assets $300,000+Fixed Assets = $750,000 Fixed Assets = $750,000 - $300,000 = $400,000 Total Assets = Current Liabilities + Long-term debt +Common equity + Retained Earnings $750,000 = $125,000 + Long-term debt + $250,000 + 85,000 Long-term debt = $750,000 - $125,000-$250,000 - $85,000 Long-term debt = $290,000

  25. Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 2 Income Statement. The Top Class Company had revenues of $925,000in 2009. Its operating expenses (excluding depreciation) amounted to $325,000, depreciation charges were $125,000, and interest costs totaled $55,000. If the firm pays a marginal tax rate of 34 percent, calculate its net income after taxes.

  26. Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 2 (Answer) Revenues $925,000 Less operating expenses 325,000 = EBITDA 600,000 Less depreciation 125,000 = EBIT 475,000 Less interest expenses 55,000 = Taxable Income 420,000 Less taxes (34%) 142,800 = Net Income after taxes 277,200

  27. Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 3 Retained Earnings: The West Hanover Clay Co. had, at the beginning of the fiscal year, November 1, 2009, retained earnings of $425,000. During the year ended October 31, 2010, the company generated net income after taxes of $820,000 and paid out 35 percent of its net income as dividends. Construct a statement of retained earnings and compute the year-end balance of retained earnings.

  28. Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 3 (Answer) Statement of Retained Earnings for the year ended October 31, 2010 Balance of Retained Earnings, 11/1/2009……….$425,000 Add: Net income after taxes, 10/31/2010………. $820,000 Less: Dividends paid for year-end 10/31/2010…$287,000 Balance of Retained Earnings, 10/31/2010….. $958,000

  29. Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 4 Working Capital: D.K. Imports, Incorporated reported the following information at its last annual meeting: Cash and cash equivalents = $1,225,000; Accounts payables = $3,200,000 Inventory = $625,000; Accounts receivables = $3,500,000; Notes payables = $1,200,000; Other current assets = $125,000. Calculate the company’s net working capital.

  30. Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 4 (Answer) Net Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities (Cash & Cash Equivalents + Accts. Rec. + Inventory + other current assets) - (Accounts Payables + Notes Payables) ($1,225,000+$3,500,000+$625,000+$125,000) - ($3,200,000+$1,200,000) $5,475,000 - $4,400,000 Net Working Capital $1,075,000

  31. Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 5 Cash Flow from Operating Activities: The Mid-American Farm Products Corporation provided the following financial information for the quarter ending September 30, 2009: Depreciation and amortization  $75,000 Net Income  $225,000 Increase in receivables $95,000 Increase in inventory  $69,000 Increase in accounts payables  $80,000 Decrease in marketable securities  $34,000. What is the cash flow from operating activities generated during this quarter by the firm?

  32. Additional Problems with AnswersProblem 5 (Answer) Net Income 225,000 Add depreciation and amortization 75,000 Add decrease in marketable securities 34,000 Add increase in accounts payables 80,000 Less increase in accounts receivables 95,000 Less increase in inventory 69,000 Cash flow from operating activities $250,000

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