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Explore the crucial aspects of commercial enzyme production, from fermenter size considerations to purification techniques. Learn about the role of microbes and other sources in enzyme extraction, and delve into common operations in biotechnological processes.
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Dimensiòn aproximada de fermentadores para diversos procesos
The development of commercial enzymes is a specialised business which is usually undertaken by a handful of companies which have high skills in screening for new and improved enzymes, fermentation for enzyme production, large scale enzyme purifications, formulation of enzymes for sale, customer liaison, and dealing with the regulatory authorities.
Biologically active enzymes may be extracted from any living organism. Of the hundred or so enzymes being used industrially, over a half are from fungi and yeast and over a third are from bacteria with the remainder divided between animal (8%) and plant (4%) sources. A very much larger number of enzymes find use in chemical analysis and clinical diagnosis. Non-microbial sources provide a larger proportion of these, at the present time. Microbes are preferred to plants and animals as sources of enzymes because: * they are generally cheaper to produce. * their enzyme contents are more predictable and controllable, reliable supplies of raw material of constant composition are more easily arranged, and plant and animal tissues contain more potentially harmful materials than microbes, including phenolic compounds (from plants), endogenous enzyme inhibitors and proteases. * attempts are being made to overcome some of these difficulties by the use of animal and plant cell culture.
Table 2.1. Some important industrial enzymes and their sources.
Fermentadores más empleados en la Industria Tanque agitado El más versátil (cualquier producto) Ácido ascórbico Proteína Antibióticos Enzima Tanque agitado con recirculación (loop) Levadura Etanol Columna de burbujas Ácido cítrico Ácido acético Ácido láctico Esteroides Enzimas Air-lift Levadura Bacterias Células Vegetales
Operaciones de separación y purificación en procesos biotecnológicos. • Downstream • Importancia económica de la purificación y de la formulación del producto • Operaciones comunes a los procesos de la industria química: evaporación, destilación, secado, cristalización, extracción con solvente …. • Tipo de producto: biológico o con actividad biológica; químico.
Estructura de la Pared Celular Sistemas Celulares de Secreción Métodos de Rompimiento Celular Métodos de Permeabilización Celular
