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Chapter 16

Chapter 16. The Structure of Central Banks: The U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. Structure of Central Banks: The Big Questions. How is the Federal Reserve organized to meet its objectives? How is the European Central Bank organized?

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Chapter 16

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  1. Chapter 16 The Structure of Central Banks:The U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank

  2. Structure of Central Banks:The Big Questions • How is the Federal Reserve organized to meet its objectives? • How is the European Central Bank organized? • What are the differences and similarities between these two central banks?

  3. Structure of Central Banks:Roadmap • Structure of the Federal Reserve • Assessing the Fed’s Structure • Structure of the European Central Bank

  4. The Federal Reserve System:Origins • 1870 to 1907: US had 21 financial panics • Anatomy of 19th century bank panics: • Crop Failure  Loan Default • Loan default damaged rural bank • Rural bank withdrew deposits from city bank • Financial difficulties spread

  5. The Federal Reserve System:Origins • Panic of 1907 – must be a better way. • Federal Reserve Created in 1914 • Europe: • Post WWII: unstable inflation & exchange rates • Consensus moved toward monetary union • 1999: Created European Central Bank

  6. The Federal Reserve System:Structure • Federal Reserve Banks • Board of Governors • Federal Open Market Committee

  7. The Federal Reserve System:Federal Reserve Banks • 12 Districts • Each is a Private Non-Profit Organizations and Chartered Banks • Owned by commercial bank “members” • Overseen by both • Board of Directors • Board of Governors in Washington

  8. The Federal Reserve System:The Twelve Districts

  9. The Federal Reserve System:Understanding the Map • Population density in 1914 • Politics • Railroads

  10. The Federal Reserve System:What the Reserve Banks Do • Government’s Bank • Issue currency • Maintain the Treasury’s account • Manage the Treasury debt • Bankers’ Bank • Hold Reserve Deposits • Operate the Payments System • Make Discount Loans at the Discount Rate • Supervise and regulate financial institutions • Collect Data

  11. New York Fed Only: • Auction Treasury Securities • Foreign Government Services • Monetary Policy Operations • Fedwire: Large Value Interbank Funds Transfer System

  12. Federal Reserve Bank of NY:The Gold Vault • 250 million ounces • Over $85 billion at current market prices • 10% of all the gold that has ever been taken out of the ground • One bar weights about 400 ounces

  13. The Fed’s Role in the Payments System • Supply Cash

  14. Federal Reserve Bank of NY:The Cash Largest in the world Only robots go in 3 stories high and the size of a football field. Holds 5400 pallets of currency each 160 shrink-wrapped blocks of 4000 notes

  15. The Fed’s Role in the Payments System • Supply Cash • Over $800 billion outstanding in 2007 • Checks • Over 100 million per day • Interbank Payments & Fedwire • 600,000 to 650,000 transactions per day valued at nearly $4 trillion in 2007

  16. The Fed’s Role in the Payments System: The Fedwire • Banks regularly make payments expecting to be paid by someone else later in the day. • System has substantial interdependence • Runs on reserves – the balances commercial banks hold at the Federal Reserve • Reserve balances are used an average of 400 times a day!

  17. Treasury Direct allows individuals to purchase U.S. Treasury securities without the use of a broker or dealer • With as little as $1000 you can start an account and purchase bonds, notes or bills through the Fed • You do it at the auction using a noncompetitive bid

  18. The Federal Reserve System: The Board of Governors • Structure • 7 Governors including a Chairman and Vice Chairman • Serve 14 year terms

  19. The Federal Reserve System:The Board of Governors • Functions • Analyze financial and economic conditions • Administer credit protection laws • Supervise and regulate the Reserve Banks • With Reserve Banks, regulate and supervise the financial system • Collect and publish statistics

  20. The Federal Reserve System:Federal Open Market Committee • FOMC Membership: • 7 Governors • President of the Fed Reserve Bank of NY • 4 of the remaining 12 Reserve Bank Presidents in rotation • Function: • Set the Federal Funds Rate

  21. Mechanics of the FOMC • Meet 8 times a year in Washington • Before the Meeting • Beige Book: • Current Business conditions • 2 weeks prior to meeting • Green Book: • Forecast prepared by the Board staff • Thursday Prior to the meeting • Blue Book: • Policy Options prepared by Board staff • Saturday Prior to meeting

  22. Mechanics of the FOMC:The Meeting • System Open Market Account Manager • Director of Division of Research and Statistics • Committee members speak on Economic Outlook • including Bank Presidents not voting • Chairman Speaks at the end • Director of Monetary Affairs • Committee members speak in Policy Round • including Bank Presidents not voting • Chairman Speaks at the end • Vote

  23. Released at 2:15pm • Target interest rate • Brief statement of Committee’s view of current economic conditions • Balance of risks statement • The vote www.federalreserve.gov/fomc/

  24. Federal Reserve System:Structure and Policy Organization

  25. User’s Guide to the Fed

  26. Assessing Central Bank Structure

  27. Assessing the Federal Reserve’s Structure • Independence from Political Influence • Long terms • Irreversible Policy Decisions • Budgetary Independence • Decision-making by Committee • 12 voting members

  28. Two events provide the foundation for Fed independence: • In 1935 political appointees were removed from the FOMC • In 1951 President Truman supported the Fed’s refusal to purchase Treasury securities that the Secretary of the Treasury requested they buy

  29. Assessing the Federal Reserve’s Structure • Communication • Releases a huge amount of information • Statement, minutes, transcripts • Public speeches • Congressional testimony

  30. Assessing the Federal Reserve’s Structure • Clearly Stated Objectives • Fed’s mandate is this vague statement "The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Open Market Committee shall maintain long run growth of the monetary and credit aggregates commensurate with the economy's long run potential to increase production, so as to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates."

  31. The Fed does it’s best to stabilize the economy • The stock market goes up and down regardless of what the Fed does • The Fed does not control the stock market and will react to movements only in so far as they comprise it’s inflation and growth objectives

  32. European Central Bank • European Monetary Union began January 1, 1999 • Euro notes and coins began circulation January 1, 2002 • As of January 1, 2008, 15 of 27 countries in the European Union

  33. The European System of Central Banks On Jan 1, 2008 Cyprus and Malta joined the Eurosystem.Has any other country joined since?

  34. European Central Bank:Key Players

  35. European Central Bank:Organizational Structure • Executive Board and European Central Bank in Frankfurt similar to the Board of Governors • National Central Banks similar to the Federal Reserve Banks • Governing Council formulates policy similar to the FOMC

  36. Differences between ECB and The Fed • ECB does not regulate financial institutions • ECB’s monetary intervention is accomplished by all the National Central Banks. • ECB’s budget is controlled by the National Central Banks

  37. The ECB’s Objective and Strategy • The Treaty establishing the ECB state:“The primary objective of the European System of Central Banks shall be to maintain price stability.” Seems clear!

  38. The ECB’s Objective and Strategy • Price stability is currently defined as inflation of close to 2 percent but not more than in a euro-area measure called the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices, over the medium term.

  39. Comparing the FOMC and the ECB Governing Council • Both have decision-making by committee • Independence • Long terms • Control budgets • Irreversible decisions • Legislative change bigger threat for the FOMC

  40. Comparing the FOMC and the ECB Governing Council • Communication • Policy deliberations: FOMC more timely • Other information: Both make many public statements

  41. Comparing the FOMC and the ECB’s Governing Council Note: On Jan 1, 2008 Cyprus and Malta joint the Eurosystem bringing the total number of countries to 15. As a result, the Governing Council membership rose to 21. This number is likely to continue to change.

  42. Comparing the FOMC and the ECB’s Governing Council

  43. In the 1990s the Japanese economy languished • The Ministry of Finance (MoF) was blamed • Until 1998, the MoF controlled the monetary policy of the Bank of Japan • Since 1998 the Bank of Japan has been independent and • Has an 8 member policy board • Has the primary goal of price stability • Communicates regularly to keep the public informed

  44. Chapter 16 End of Chapter

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