The School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia

1. The School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Lecture 2: ICT in Health Care Organization Sharifah Mastura Syed Mohamad sharifah@kck.usm.my Ext.: 3823

2. Lecture 2: Objectives • Explain the various functions and levels within health care organization (HCO) • Identify the specific types of data and information at the different levels • Describe the role played by the six types of information systems applicable to HCO • Discuss the ICT planning in HCO

3. Functional Departments in HCO Administration Finance Medical Social Support Human Resource Nutrition & Dietetic Security Engineering Clinical Clinical Support Medical Record Medical & Surgery Laboratory Pharmaceutical In & Out Patient Lab. Services Procurement Units Information System Public Relation Quality & Productivity Corporate Development

4. Functional Units Administration Clinical Pharmaceutical Hardware Software Storage Network Telecommunication ICT Organization Levels Strategic Level Senior Managers Management Level Middle Managers Knowledge and Data Workers Knowledge Level Operational Level Operational Managers

5. Types of Information Systems Strategic Level Management Level Knowledge Level Operational Level Functional Units Administration Clinical Pharmaceutical Hardware Software Storage Network Telecommunication ICT Executive Support System (ESS) Management Information System (MIS) Decision Support System (DSS) Knowledge Work System (KWS) Office Automation System (OAS) Transaction Processing System (TPS)

6. A collection of data organized to service many applications at the same time by storing and managing data so that they appear to be in one location. Transaction Processing System (TPS). • Examples: • Patient Registration System • Pharmacy Information System • Lab Information System Information system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business Generate database for other information system

7. Examples: TPS Patient Registration System

8. Examples: TPS Laboratory Information System

9. People such as scientists, doctors and radiologist who design products or services or create new knowledge for the organization Example: Linear Accelerator Workstation Used by nuclear medicine specialist to diagnose and report recorded image Knowledge Work System (KWS) Computerized system that aids knowledge workers in creation and integration of new knowledge in the organization

10. People such as secretaries or clerks who primarily process and disseminate the organization’s paperwork Examples: word processing, electronic mail, desk top publishing and scheduling system Office Automation System (OAS) Computerized system that is designed to increase the productivity of data workers in the office

11. Management Information System (MIS) Information system at the management level of an organization that serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making by providing routine summary and exception report.

12. Decisions where only part of the problem has a clear-cut answer provided by an accepted procedure. Nonroutine decisions in which decision maker must provide judgment, evaluation, and insights into the problem definitions. Decision Support System (DSS) Information system at the management level of an organization that combines data and sophisticated analytical models to support semi-structured and unstructured decision making

13. Executive Support System (ESS) Information system at the strategic level of an organization designed to address unstructured decision making through advanced graphics and communications.

14. Integrated Delivery System for HCO • The ability to combine a variety of data sources into an integrated data warehouse with distributed databases • The ability to interrelate applications with linkages through various organizational databases • The ability to share and transfer data among affiliated providers and organizations • The ability to accommodate different providers’ action with a range of medical data required for various phases of a patient treatment • The option to shift data and communicate effectively among provider organizations as the need arises

15. Enterprise Management & Communication Network • Strategic Enterprise Management • Data warehousing • Enterprise communication Electronic Patient Record (EPR) • Diagnostic & Therapy • Diagnostic support & ancillary • Clinical order management • Medical & clinical documentation • Treatment & operation • Research & Education • Patient Management • Patient administration • Patient accounting & billing • Patient scheduling • Patient service management • Marketing & health promotion • Support services • Biomedical technology • Human resource management • Dietetic & facility • Equipment maintenance • Hygiene services • Care Management • Care planning • Clinical care • Care documentation • After-care management Applications for HCO Integrated Delivery System

16. Example: THIS Hospital Selayang

17. ICT Planning LEVEL RESULT ICT Strategic Planning ICT strategy related to organization’s mission and vision Documentation of ICT requirement within functional department Analysis of Functional Department Identify potential ICT projects, define scope, benefits and constrain. Project Planning Implement project based on priority and provide enough allocation Resources Allocation

18. Planning • Feasibility Study SDLC • Analysis • Define user requirements • Study existing system • Logical design System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) • Design • Physical design • Implementation • Coding, testing, debugging • Installation, customization • Maintenance • Evaluation and enhancement • Routine maintenance

19. Homework – self exploration • Conduct a Web search for clinical decision support systems (CDSS). Browse several of the hits and make a list of the areas in which technology is available for clinical decision-making. What areas seem to be most commonly associated with CDSS? Additionally, select a vendor who offers a demonstration of their clinical decision-making product. • Conduct a Web search for health care data sets. Select several sites that offer access to large data sets. What are the requirements to access the data sets? What data elements are available? How do the data owners manage the issues of the privacy and confidentiality of health care data sets? • Read the article titled “Why Health Care Information Systems Succeed or Fail” by RICHARD HEEKS, DAVID. MUNDY & ANGEL SALAZAR. June 1999. Available atunpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/NISPAcee/UNPAN015482.pdf

20. References [1] Laudon & laudon. Management Information Systems. Prentice Hall, 2005. [2] Tan, JKH. Health Management Information Systems. Aspen, 2001. Sharifah Mastura Syed Mohamad PPSKesihatan, USM, 2007