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Understanding the Mammalian Liver: Structure, Function, and Detoxification Processes

Dive deep into the anatomy and functions of the mammalian liver while exploring its role in carbohydrate metabolism, deamination, and detoxification pathways. Learn about hepatocytes and key enzymes involved in liver processes.

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Understanding the Mammalian Liver: Structure, Function, and Detoxification Processes

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  1. LESSON 1

  2. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Starter Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Catalase • Deamination • Detoxification • Ornithine cycle • Catalase Complete the starter on the sheet.

  3. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Starter Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Catalase • Deamination • Detoxification • Ornithine cycle • Catalase Complete the started on the sheet.

  4. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liverand examine and draw the histology of liver tissue Specification reference:5.1.2 Excretion as an example of homeostatic control Specification 5.1.2 Excretion as an example of homeostatic control

  5. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Carbohydrate metabolism Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Liver plays a major role in homeostasis. • Hepatocytes are involved with controlling glucose levels in the body. • Key Terms • Catalase • Deamination • Detoxification • Ornithine cycle • Catalase • What do you remember about GCSE biology and blood sugar regulation? Blood sugar levels increase, insulin levels increase therefore hepatocytes convert glucose to glycogen and store it in the liver. Blood sugar levels decrease, glucagon is released and hepatocytes convert glycogen to glucose.

  6. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Transamination Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Liver plays a role in protein metabolism, hepatocytes synthesise most of the plasma proteins. • Hepatocytes convert one amino acid into another (called transamination). Important as diet does not always contain the required level of each amino acid. • Key Terms • Catalase • Deamination • Detoxification • Ornithine cycle • Catalase

  7. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Deamination Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Deamination- the removal of the amine group from an amino acid. • Body cannot store proteins or amino acids, excess would be excreted and wasted. • Hepatocytes deaminate amino acids/proteins by removing the amine group, converting it into ammonia (which is toxic) and then turning it into urea. • Urea is then removed from the blood by the kidneys and excreted. • All other amino acids are used in cellular respiration or converted to lipids and stored. • Key Terms • Catalase • Deamination • Detoxification • Ornithine cycle • Catalase

  8. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Deamination Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Catalase • Deamination • Detoxification • Ornithine cycle • Catalase

  9. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Ornithine cycle The production of ammonia and then urea from deamination is done by an enzyme controlled reaction known as the ornithine cycle. You need to know the simplified version of the ornithine cycle. Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Catalase • Deamination • Detoxification • Ornithine cycle • Catalase Ornithine is an essential amino acid. What does this mean?

  10. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Ornithine cycle Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Catalase • Deamination • Detoxification • Ornithine cycle • Catalase

  11. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Detoxification • Toxin levels in the body have to be controlled. • Urea and other poisonous substances are made as by products of metabolic pathways. • The liver is the site of most detoxification. • Example: Hydrogen peroxide is poisonous. Hepatocytes contain the enzyme catalase. • Catalase splits H2O2 into oxygen and water- non harmful substances. • Example: Ethanol (from alcoholic drinks) is also toxic. Hepatocytes also contain the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase that breaks down ethanol into ethanol. Ethanal is then converted to ethanoate which can be used to build fatty acids. Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Catalase • Deamination • Detoxification • Ornithine cycle • Catalase

  12. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver • Causes: • Hepatitis C • Genetic conditions • Excessive amounts of alcohol • Presents as: • Normal liver tissue replaced with fibrous scar tissue. • Starts with alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis and then liver cirrhosis. Cirrhosis Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Catalase • Deamination • Detoxification • Ornithine cycle • Catalase

  13. LESSON 2 STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY

  14. Kidney structure L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure, mechanisms of action and functions of the mammalian kidney Specification • Key Terms • Nephrons • Ureter • Urethra • Cortex • Medulla • Pelvis • Bowman's capsule • Proximal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henley • Distal convoluted tubule • Collecting duct

  15. Kidney structure L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure, mechanisms of action and functions of the mammalian kidney Kidney structure Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Kidneys filter out nitrogenous waste from the blood, maintain water balance and the pH of the blood. • Key Terms • Nephrons • Ureter • Urethra • Cortex • Medulla • Pelvis • Bowman's capsule • Proximal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henley • Distal convoluted tubule • Collecting duct Afferent arteriole- into kidneys Efferent arteriole- away from kidneys • Questions • Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the kidneys. • Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the kidneys back to the heart. • Describe the pathway that urine takes from the kidneys and out of the body.

  16. Kidney structure L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure, mechanisms of action and functions of the mammalian kidney Kidney structure • Areas of the Kidney • Cortex- dark outer layer. Filtering of blood takes place here. Dense capillary network. • Medulla- lighter colour. Contains tubules of nephrons that form the pyramids and collecting ducts. • Pelvis- central chamber where urine collects. Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Nephrons • Ureter • Urethra • Cortex • Medulla • Pelvis • Bowman's capsule • Proximal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henley • Distal convoluted tubule • Collecting duct

  17. Kidney structure L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure, mechanisms of action and functions of the mammalian kidney Kidney structure Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Nephrons • Ureter • Urethra • Cortex • Medulla • Pelvis • Bowman's capsule • Proximal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henley • Distal convoluted tubule • Collecting duct https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QsSdAXv5BEM

  18. Kidney structure L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure, mechanisms of action and functions of the mammalian kidney Kidney structure Exemplar answer The blood enters the kidney in the renal artery/afferent arteriole (1 mark). Substances carried in the plasma, including water and ions, enter into the nephron (1 mark). The blood then circulates in a capillary network alongside the loop of Henle and convoluted tubules (1 mark) Leaves the kidney via the renal vein/efferent arteriole (1 mark). • Key Terms • Nephrons • Ureter • Urethra • Cortex • Medulla • Pelvis • Bowman's capsule • Proximal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henley • Distal convoluted tubule • Collecting duct Describe the pathway the blood takes through the kidney.

  19. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Plenary Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Nephrons • Ureter • Urethra • Cortex • Medulla • Pelvis • Bowman's capsule • Proximal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henley • Distal convoluted tubule • Collecting duct Complete the questions on the sheet

  20. The Liver L.O. Apply knowledge and understanding of the structure and function of the mammalian liver Plenary 1 a The conversion of glycogen to glucose (1 mark). Glucagon increases glycogenolysis (1 mark). (2 marks) b The conversion of glucose to glycogen (1 mark). Insulin increases glycogenesis (1 mark). (2 marks) c The conversion of amino acids and fats to glucose (1 mark). Glucagon increases gluconeogenesis (1 mark). (2 marks) 2 Autoimmune destruction (1 mark) of beta cells in the pancreas (1 mark). (2 marks) 3 Insulin is (usually) produced by the pancreas (1 mark) but target cells do not respond as normal (1 mark). (2 marks) 4 Insulin is secreted when blood glucose concentration rises (above a set point) (1 mark). Insulin causes glucose to be removed from the blood by target cells (and blood glucose concentration drops back to the set point) (1 mark). Glucagon is released when blood glucose concentration drops too low (below a set point) (1 mark). Glucagon causes more glucose to be generated in target cells (and returns blood glucose concentration back up to the set point) (1 mark). (4 marks) 5 Insulin inhibits glucagon release (1 mark) by binding to alpha cell receptors (1 mark). (2 marks) Tasks Starter Specification Carbohydrate metabolism Deamination Detoxification Kidney structure Plenary • Key Terms • Nephrons • Ureter • Urethra • Cortex • Medulla • Pelvis • Bowman's capsule • Proximal convoluted tubule • Loop of Henley • Distal convoluted tubule • Collecting duct

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