Skeletons in the Closet: the Evolution of Hardparts in Metazoa (and the Cambrian Explosion)

1. Skeletons in the Closet: the Evolution of Hardparts in Metazoa (and the Cambrian Explosion)

2. Additional Comments on Ediacaran Fauna Remember earliest complex metazoa (Ediacaran fauna) were all soft bodied (no skeletonized tissue). All preserved as impressions. Note that in order for differentiated tissues to have evolved (to allow development of organs for different purposes), Hox genes must have developed Hox genes dictate the duties of particular cells (for particular purposes)

3. Discovery of Ediacaran Fauna Pound Quartzite Ediacara Hills, north of Sydney, Australia Metazoan Fossils Found in 1946 Classification: lumped together as “medusoids”

4. Details originally overlooked: A diverse assemblages of fossils Mawsonites Spriggina Dickinsonia

5. Adolph Seilacher Concept of “Vendozoa”: (extinct phylum ?) soft bodied “quilted” structure (fluid-filled bags ?” Dependent on microbial mats “mat stickers”: fixed to seafloor, photosynthesizers “mat scratchers”: grazed on microbial mats Seilacher has suggested that this was a failed experiment in evolution and that metazoans developed once again from scratch in the very latest Proterozoic No carnivores ! (and no evidence of predation until appearance of skeletons)

6. Latest Proterozoic (Ediacaran Period) Also, note that atmosphere and seas were well-oxygenated by this time, so metazoa had developed the means to cope with the high reactivity of oxygen

7. Why make skeletons ? One might think that the development of hardparts (by at least the earliest Cambrian) came about due to the need for structural support or protection from predation. But some of the Ediacaran animals were already fairly large (remember the frond from Newfoundland up to 2 metres long). Plus there is no evidence of predation in the Ediacaran. So why would skeletons have developed ? Origin of skeletons may have to do with the chemical significance of minerals in organisms.

8. Oldest widespread skeletons: all phosphatic ! Tommotian Fauna: first skeletonized organisms Records rapid diversification of metazoa after extinction of many Ediacaran forms (at base of Cambrian (scale bar: 1 mm)

9. Why Do So Many Metazoans Have Skeletons ?: • Receptacles for excess mineral matter • - note Kidney Stones and Gallstones in humans • - warm seawater commonly saturated with calcium carbonate • 2. Storehouses for scarce minerals (or means of slow release) • -bones and teeth, some shells composed of calcium phosphate • - phosphate rather scarce in nature, but essential for • metabolism (e.g. Adenosine triphosphate- ATP) • and is also key component of genetic material • -calcium essential for heart, nerve, muscle functions, • enzyme activation • 3. Support and muscle attachment areas for locomotory organs • 4. Serves as protective cage for soft internal organs • 5. In shelled organisms, serves as a box to ensure controlled • environment for metabolic functions • 6. Protection from predators

10. Charles Walcott Discovered Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale

11. Burgess Shale, Yoho National Park, B.C. Exceptionally preserved soft-bodied organisms Middle Cambrian age (shortly after “Cambrian Explosion” of Early Cambrian) A snapshot of life assemblages (in general, fossil record only preserves hard parts of organisms) Surprisingly diverse assemblage with very unusual forms

12. Vauxia -sponge Vauxia “forest” with Leanchoilia

13. Wiwaxia A worm, a mollusc, or something completely different ?

14. Marella An early arthropod (presumably related to trilobites)

15. Anomalocaris: A Case of Mistaken Identity Anomalocaris An unusual shrimp-like arthropod ? Peytoia A jellyfish ?

16. Anomalocaris: A composite of components previously Believed to be separate organisms (Peytoia) (Peytoia) (Original Anomalocaris)

17. Anomalocaris – oblique view A “Lobopod”

18. Anomalocaris - reconstruction

19. Opabinia (Lobopod ?)

20. Hallucigenia Onychophoran worm or separate phylum ?)

21. Pikaia earliest known Chordate

22. Sanctacaris (Santa Claws) An undoubted arthropod (A Chelicerate without chelicerae ?) Subphylum Chelicerata includes: spiders, mites, ticks scorpions,horseshoe crabs all having feeding appendages called chelicerae Makes one wonder what really defines this group

23. Catastrophic Burial Burgess Shale organisms living on foot of escarpment (and possibly on edge and top of escarpment as well) smothered by due to slumping, Killed and buried instantly Rapid burial + low oxygen (+ possible mineralization in vicinity of cold seeps ?) = exceptional preservation

24. Stephen Jay Gould – Radical Thinker Could some Burgess Shale organisms belong to extinct phyla ? Is it possible that a phylum could be represented by few or single species ? If so, suggests that the Cambrian Explosion produced more phyla than are present today extinction Conventional view: Gradual increase in number of phyla through time Gould’s View: Sudden appearance of phyla, removal of many by mass extinction

25. END OF LECTURE