Warm-Up :

1. Warm-Up : • Describe 2 long-term causes of the civil war and 2 short term(immediate) causes of the civil war.

2. Warm-up Friday • “America will never be destroyed from the outside. If we falter and lose our freedoms, it will be because we destroyed ourselves.” • Abraham Lincoln • This was our quote from yesterday that you wrote about. Trade your warm-up paper with someone and have them read what you wrote in regards to this quote. Respond to them, do you agree? Disagree? Did they even do it? Your warm-up is making sure you get someone to answer that on your sheet.

3. Sectionalism: 1856-1860 • The election of 1856 was the first time in which political parties represented regions of the country, not the nation • Slavery became the most important political issue in American politics • Even though the Republicans lost in 1856, they realized that they had enough electoral votes to win the presidency without Southern support Republicans in the North Democrats in the South

4. Sectionalism: 1856-1860 • In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott suedforhisfreedomaftertravelingwith his master from Missouri to Wisconsin • The Dred Scott case presented the Supreme Court with 2 major questions: • Does Congress have the power to decide on slavery in the territories? • Is the Missouri Compromise constitutional?

6. Sectionalism: 1856-1860 • In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), the Supreme Court ruled: • Dred Scott had no right to sue because blacks are not citizens • Congress did not have the power to stop slavery in western territories so the Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional • Northern abolitionists were furious

7. Sectionalism: 1856-1860 Lincoln was unknown at the time, but during the campaign he argued that Congress must stop the spread of slavery (free soil argument) • In 1858, Democrat Stephen Douglas ran against Republican Abraham Lincoln for the Illinois Senate Lincoln lost the Senate election, but his argument against slavery made him a popular national figure

8. “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.” —Abraham Lincoln, 1858

9. Sectionalism: 1856-1860 • In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led an unsuccessful raid on a federal armory at Harper’s Ferry, VA in an attempt to free slaves in a massive slave uprising • Brown was caught & executed • But he was seen as a martyr by many in the North • Southerners believed Northerners were using violence to end slavery

10. Sectionalism: 1856-1860 Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas who argued for popular sovereignty Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln who argued for “free soil” & a strong national gov’t • The Election of 1860 proved to be the final straw for the South: Southern Democrats nominated John Breckenridge who argued for states rights & the protection of slavery Democrats in the North & South were split over the issue of slavery

11. Sectionalism: 1856-1860 Lincoln won the election without a single Southern vote Southerners assumed slavery would soon be abolished & began to discuss the possibility of seceding (breaking away) from the USA

12. Sectionalism: 1856-1860 In December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union In 1861, more Southern states seceded & the Civil War between North & South began

13. Sectionalism: 1856-1860 • From 1856 to 1860, sectionalism in America increased due to: • Slavery became the most important political issue of the time • Growing Southern fears that the North would end slavery (John Brown’s raid, election of Lincoln) • No compromises could prevent a Civil War between the North & South

14. Mind Map • Create a Mind Map making connection about the causes of sectionalism in the united States. • In the center of a piece of paper, write the word sectionalism. Circle it. • Around “Sectionalism” Write the three main causes of sectionalism between North and South. Draw an image that represents each cause. • Around each cause, list anything that is associated with it. Reformers, Disputes, etc.

16. The Outbreak of the Civil War • Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860, was the first step towards the outbreak of the Civil War • South Carolinians feared the victory of a Republican president would bring an end to slavery & seceded from the United States • By early 1861, 7 Southern states seceded & formed the Confederate States of America

17. The Upper South did not view Lincoln’s election as a death sentence & did not secede immediately The entire Deep South seceded by Feb 1861

18. The Confederate States of America • The constitution of the Confederacy: • Protected slavery & states’ rights • Outlawed tariffs • Created a weak national government • Elected Jefferson Davis as president

19. Lincoln viewed Southern secession as illegal & promised to “preserve the Union”

20. “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, andif I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”—Abraham Lincoln, 1862

21. Fort Sumter In April 1861, federal soldiers refused Confederate demands to vacate at Fort Sumter in SC The firing on Fort Sumter proved to be the beginning of the Civil War When Lincoln sent aid to soldiers, Confederates fired on the fort

22. Fort Sumter Not all slave states seceded; Those that stayed in the Union were called “border states” After Fort Sumter, the upper South states seceded & joined the CSA

23. The Confederate States of America

24. Northern Advantages • At the outbreak of the Civil War, the North had lots of advantages: • Larger population for troops • Greater industrial capacity • Huge edge in RR transportation • Problems for the North: • Had to invade the South to win • Difficult to maintain enthusiasm & support for war over time

25. Southern Advantages • Although outnumbered & less industrial, South had advantages: • President Davis knew that they did not have to “win” the war; the South only had to drag out the fight & make the North quit • Had the best military leaders • England & France appeared morewillingtosupporttheSouth “King Cotton” diplomacy Robert EThomasJ.E.B. LeeJackson Stuart

26. Turning Advantages into Strategy • Based upon the advantages of both the Union & Confederacy: • What should each side’s war strategy be? • How can each side maximize their strengths & minimize their weaknesses in order to win?

27. Northern “Anaconda Plan”

28. Southern “Offensive Defense”