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www.themegallery.com. Company Logo. Contents. www.themegallery.com. Company Logo. Topic1: Western Europe faced comparably serious ecological problems . How western Europe's prospects compared to those of other regions? What it shared with other densely populated areas?Despite being less densely populated in absolute terms than either China or Japan, western Europe faced comparably serious ecological problems..

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    1. Chapter 5

    2. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Contents

    3. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic1: Western Europe faced comparably serious ecological problems How western Europe’s prospects compared to those of other regions? What it shared with other densely populated areas? Despite being less densely populated in absolute terms than either China or Japan, western Europe faced comparably serious ecological problems.

    4. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Ecological Situation Before Industrial Transformation

    5. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic1: Western Europe faced comparably serious ecological problems Serious problems Western Europe faced: Fiber shortages Wood (fuel) shortages Soil depletion Deforestation

    6. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic1: Western Europe faced comparably serious ecological problems Western Europe & East Asia faced-- If without: 1.significant institutional change 2.new land-saving technologies 3.vastly expanded imports of land-intensive commodities Then there would be relatively little room left by the late 18th century for further extensive growth to occur.

    7. www.themegallery.com Company Logo conditions for industrial transformation

    8. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic1: Western Europe faced comparably serious ecological problems Filtration--further consideration: India (as like Southeast Asia and eastern Europe) China and Japan Western Europe Two important differences Example: England industrial transformation ---- gave it a big hand

    9. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic2: Deforestation and Soil Depletion in China: Some Comparisons with Europe China---- Deforestation and Soil Depletion It probably did not face a much greater threat to its ability to reproduce its existing standard of living than a hypothetical Europe without the Americas would have faced. Wet rice farming & Dry farming However, regional resource depletion was often serious.

    10. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic2: Deforestation and Soil Depletion in China: Some Comparisons with Europe The same problem China faced with W.E: Fiber shortages Forest cover and fuel supply: Lingnan ---- Guangdong & Guangxi

    11. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic2: Deforestation and Soil Depletion in China: Some Comparisons with Europe Lingnan Vs. France (W.E)

    12. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic2: Deforestation and Soil Depletion in China: Some Comparisons with Europe Two different points: 1.From the figures, we see how quickly population growth could eat away at wood supplies even in an economy that used resources efficiently. Whereas, in other areas Europe may have had a greater ecological cushion. 2.However, some factors suggested otherwise: Lingnan’s situation seems more benign than that faced much earlier by France.

    13. www.themegallery.com Company Logo

    14. www.themegallery.com Company Logo

    15. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic2: Deforestation and Soil Depletion in China: Some Comparisons with Europe

    16. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic3: Import Substitution in Free Labor Peripheries Both European and Asian core areas needed to obtain land-intensive resources through long-distance trade with less densely populated areas. Export : manufactures, textiles… Import: land-intensive resources, raw materials… This pattern of exchange faced two possible limitations: 1. import substitution less demand for manufactures 2. reallocations of labor outputs for export declined

    17. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic3: Import Substitution in Free Labor Peripheries Example: Middle Yangzi proto-industrialization Forces that encouraged intraregional diversification Forces that discouraged further export growth Possible factors:

    18. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic4: Less Free and Flexible Peripheries Western Europe trade with ---- Eastern Europe India Africa problems: 1.The ability to increase output was limited. 2.It’s not much of a market for manufactures. supply-side reasons & demand-side reasons

    19. www.themegallery.com Company Logo Topic4: Less Free and Flexible Peripheries Conclusion: If western Europe was to undergo a large further increase in its industrial production and primary-product consumption beyond the levels of the mid-eighteenth century, it would need a new kind of trading partner. And that was uniquely possible in the New World. The need for additional markets motivated a new, peculiarly capitalist wave of late 19th century imperialism.

    20. Chapter 5

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