BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS

1. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • The first patent for a telegraph was issued in 1840 • Voice technology started with the telegraph in 1844 • The basic phone was developed in 1876 • By 1881 there were 54,000 phones in use

2. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • Since telegraph lines followed by telephone lines were first on the poles, today we still call them telephone poles • Although today, they are dominated with power, CCTV, and other services • This infrastructure combined with central offices (CO) make up the public switched telephone network (PSTN). • This network was dominated by one company….. AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph) first established in 1885 as a subsidiary of Bell.

3. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • Some of the first phones

4. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS Telephones connected to the PSTN use a single pair of wires Telephones are connected in parallel and operate on a current loop back to the central office.

5. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • Telephones receive their power from the phone company known as the central office (CO).

6. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • Telephone wiring is connected to battery banks in the CO which is why they’re sometimes referred to as battery circuits. • This is why phones still work even when the power goes out.

7. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS At the residential dwelling the phone drop from the telephone pole (aerial) to the house is terminated on a network interface device (NID)

8. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • The NID sometimes referred to as the NI is the Demarcation (D-marc) point. • The D-marc is the physical boundary between the customer’s premises wiring and the public utility • The NID is typically located on the outside of the house and provides primary protection from lightning strikes

9. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • NEC (National Electric Code) article 800.90 (B); states that the primary protector shall be located in, on or immediately adjacent to the structure or building served and as close as practicable to the point of entrance. • In commercial applications the NID is usually referred to as the D-marc and is located in the premises and is designed for 25 pair to 200 pair cables and sometimes up to 900 pair or more.

10. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • The telephone drop to the NID consists of 4 wires, though the phone only requires 2 wires (1 pair) • From the NID a cable was normally run to your kitchen phone and then these conductors were “daisy chained” thru the house from jack to jack

11. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • The 2 wires are called tip and ring and make up what is referred to as a pair and what is referred as the subscriber loop by the phone company • Tip is the ground side (positive) and Ring is the battery (negative) side of a phone circuit. • 1 = SLEEVE • 2 = RING • 3 = TIP • 4 = INSULATOR

12. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • The ground side is common with the central office of the telephone company (telco); the battery side carries -48 volts of DC voltage when in an "idle" or "on hook" state. • The combination of tip and ring, then, makes up a normal phone line circuit, just as a car's battery needs both connections leads to have a complete electrical circuit.

13. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • To ring the phone to alert to an incoming call, about 90 volts of 20 Hz AC current is superimposed over the DC voltage already present on the idle line. • When you pick up the receiver you go into the off-hook state.

14. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS On the original switchboards the tip was connected to ground to prevent the operator from being electrocuted.

15. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • The bandwidth of an analog telephone lines is fairly low, generally around 3000 Hz • This signal is sent over a pair of wires on a cable that is called UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) • UTP cable is a generic term used to describe all types of voice and data cables from 2 pr. To 600pr.

16. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • In the communications industry UTP cable is categorized by a number system • POTS cable is consider to be the lowest category of cable and is not recognized by the industry any more • POTS is category 1 • Currently category 7 is the highest category of cabling which is used for high speed data networks

17. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • The inside wiring for phones is called JK, quad or star cable, or as technicians refer to as POTS line. • This 4 conductor cable is 22 AWG (American wire gauge) • POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service.

18. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS The POTS color code is as follows: • GREEN Tip 1 Positive • RED Ring 1 Negative • BLACK Tip 2 Line 2 • YELLOWRing 2 Line 2 • This color code is no longer used though it is still prevalent through out the country.

19. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • Today the minimum cable standard for residential wiring is 4 pair CAT 3 cable. • CAT 3 cable is also UTP and is 24 AWG, 100 Ω with a subtle twist amongst the pairs

20. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS The 4 pair color code is: TIP RING TIP RING TIP RING TIP RING PAIR 1 PAIR 2 PAIR 3 PAIR 4

21. BASIC TELCOMMUNICATIONS • It will be necessary to know how to interface a 4 pair CAT 3 cable with a quad cable in order to support the many small business and residential customers that still have POTS lines on their premises POTSCAT 3 GREEN WHITE/BLUE RED BLUE/WHITE BLACK WHITE/ORANGE YELLOW ORANGE/WHITE