Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate

1. Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate • - Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex is a large multi-subunit complex located in the mitochondria • Irreversible reaction; Acetyl CoA cannot be converted into pyruvate • Pyruvate dehydrogenase is not a part of citric acid cycle but it a major source of fuel for citric acid cycle which is Acetyl CoA • Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex is aggregate of three enzymes: • 1- Pyruvate dehydrogenase component called (pyruvate decarboxylase) • 2- Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase • 3- Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase • Each subunit of this large complex catalyzes a part of the overall reactions.

2. The citric acid cycle oxidizes two carbon units. These enter the cycle as Acetyl-CoA

3. Regulation Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex • Product inhibition • The enzyme complex is inhibited by Acetyl CoA when it is accumulated; the production rate is higher than the cell capacity of oxidation with citric acid cycle • High NADH/NAD+ ratio inhibits this enzyme complex • Covalent modification • Two forms of the enzyme complex; • Active non- phosphorylated form • Inactive phosphorylated • The two forms can be interconverted by the action of two enzymes phosphatase and kinase • The kinase is activated by an increase in the ratio of acetyl CoA/ CoA ratio or NADH/ NAD+. • elevated ADP\ATP ratio  demand for energy  inhibits the kinase and activate the phosphatase to produce more of the active non-phosphorylated enzymes

4. Regulation Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex Pyruvate Dehydrogenase is regulated both allosterically and by reversible phosphorylation

5. 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H2O + acetyl-CoA 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 2CO2 + 3H+ The Citric acid cycle • - Citric acid cycle contains a series of oxidation-reduction reactions • - Carbon entering the cycle, leaves fully oxidized as CO2. • - “High energy” electrons leave the cycle with high energy electron carriers as NADH and FADH2. • - Very little ATP is made directly in the cycle. • - No oxygen is used in the cycle. Overall reaction

6. Citric acid cycle • Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA • The central function is the oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 • It is the final common pathway for oxidation of fuel molecules • Acetyl Co is derived from the metabolism of fuel molecules as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. • Citric acid cycle is also an important source of precursors • Some intermediates are precursors of amino acid • One of the intermediates is used in the synthesis of porphorins • Another is used in the synthesis of fatty acids and sterols. • Citric Acid Cycle located in the mitochondrial matrix

8. Citric acid cycle is also an important source of precursors for biosynthetic reactions

9. Citric acid cycle intermediates are always in flux

12. 4C 6C 6C 5C 4C

14. The Citric acid cycle

15. The Citric acid cycle

16. The Citric acid cycle

17. The Citric acid cycle

18. Control Points in the Citric Acid Cycle IDH catalyzes the rate-limiting step Regulation of the TCA cycle occurs at both the level of entry of substrates into the cycle as well as at the key reactions of the cycle. Fuel enters the TCA cycle primarily as acetyl-CoA. The generation of acetyl-CoA from carbohydrates is, therefore, a major control point of the cycle. This is the reaction catalyzed by the PDH complex.

19. Control Points in the Citric Acid Cycle

20. Single molecule of glucose can potentially yield ~38 molecules of ATP

21. The end

23. Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Pyruvate Dehydrogenase is regulated both allosterically and by reversible phosphorylation

24. Cofactors for the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase include CoA-SH, NAD+, TPP, FAD, Lipolate

25. Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate occurs in multi-step reactions E1: Pyruvate dehydrogenase E2: Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase E3: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase