Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 Working for Reform 1820-1860

2. Objectives • Describe the main characteristics of the Mormons • Understand what motivated the temperance reformers • Describe how educational opportunities changed in the early 1800’s • Recount what sparked the call for immediate abolition

3. Mormon’s and their utopian venture • Joseph Smith – founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints • practiced plural marriage • Opposition led to violence • Killed in 1844 in Illinois

6. Mormon’s and their utopian venture • Brigham Young – Mormon leader that led his flock to the Rocky Mountains • Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah • Survived because of their ability to filter the water for their irrigation system • “American Moses”

8. Temperance Movement • Crusade against alcohol • Alcohol abuse was a serious problem facing the nation • 1830’s Americans drank an average of seven gallons of alcohol per person each year

9. Social Problems With Alcohol Abuse • Criminal behavior • Family violence • Poverty

10. Nationalities Who Had Concerns With The Temperance Movement • Germans • Irish • Alcohol was not viewed as a social evil • Beer gardens and pubs were places for socialization

12. Reforming Education • 1840’s most schools were private • Families could not afford to send their kids to school • Basic curriculum: reading, writing, and arithmetic, history, and geography

13. Public School Movement • Reformers felt that schools were inadequate to meet the needs of a growing nation • Nation needed public, tax-supported elementary schools to provide a free education to all children

14. Reform Efforts in Massachusetts • 1837 – Horace Mann – first Secretary of Education in Massachusetts • United local districts into a state system • Raised teachers salaries • Persuaded the legislature to increase spending on local schools

16. North and South Differ on Education North South Planters hired private tutors or established private schools Suspicious of northern educational reforms Northern reformers supported the abolition of slavery • Supported public education funded by taxes

17. Reforming Mental Illnesses • Dorothea Dix • Saw how the mentally ill were being treated in Massachusetts • Mentally ill were placed in prisons or poorhouses without treatment

18. Image of Dorothea Dix

19. Reforming Mental Illnesses • Mentally ill needed rehabilitation – restore them to a useful and productive place in society • Massachusetts government responded by establishing institutions for the mentally ill

21. Reforming Criminals • Reformers felt that lawbreakers could be reformed and returned to the community as productive citizens • Penitentiary – placed lawbreakers in an isolated and structured environment that would rid the country of crime

23. Abolition Call for Action William Lloyd Garrison Goal (publish an anti-slavery newspaper) White New England Journalist launched the Liberator He felt that slavery was a sin and a crime because it contradicted the Bible and the Declaration of Independence

24. Image of William Lloyd Garrison

25. Abolition Call for Action • Frederick Douglas – fugitive slave from Maryland • Published an anti-slavery newspaper called the North Star • Publicly spoke out against slavery

26. Image of Frederick Douglas

28. Women’s Rights Movement • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were two noted abolitionists • Started the first women’s rights movement at Seneca Falls, New York • 300 women attended in 1848

29. Women’s Rights Movement • Issues at the convention suffrage (voting rights) and property rights social prejudices limited women at work acceptance at colleges

32. Chapter 9 - Test • On Monday, Oct. 17th

33. Chapter 10 Expansion and Conflict

34. Objectives • Describe how supporters of westward expansion defended their views • Explain why the Mexican government encouraged U.S. settlement in Texas • Summarize the events that led to the Texas Revolution • Analyze the U.S. defeat of Mexico in the Mexican War

35. Manifest Destiny • Belief that the U.S. should expand it’s boundaries all the way to the Pacific Ocean

38. Supporters and Opponent of Westward Expansion Supporters Opponents Western lands were already claimed by other nations Too large to govern • Urban crowding • Create new markets for industry

39. Establishment of a colony in Texas • Stephen F. Austin started a colony for Catholics • Sold the land for 12 cents an acre along the Gulf Coast • Land in the U.S. was $1.25 an acre • By 1830 there were 7,000 U.S. settlers located to Texas

40. Establishment of a colony in Texas • Mexican government opposed the colony because they were fearful that cotton farmers would migrate to the area • Bringing slavery • Feared a rebellion in Texas as well as a U.S. invasion

42. Texas Revolution • Santa Anna was elected President of Mexico in 1833 • Dictator control over Mexico • Angered Mexican residents, including Texans • Fear of slavery spreading into the region

43. Texas Revolution • Stephen F. Austin goes to Mexico City hoping to resolve Texas’ conflict with Mexico • Austin was jailed • Outraged U.S. settlers and Tejanos (tay-HAH-nohs) rose up in revolt known as the Texas Revolution

46. Conflict at the Alamo • Missionary (established by Spain) fort that the Mexican government captured in San Antonio • December, 1835 • William Travis and Jim Bowie fought off attacks by Santa Anna’s army • March, 1835 Mexican troops overran the fort • All rebel fighters were killed

47. The Beginning of the Alamo

48. Sam Houston • Commander of the Texas army – 900 rebels • Surprised Santa Anna and his troops near the Jacinto River (Shouted “Remember the Alamo) • Killed 630 Mexican troops • Santa Anna defeated and removed from office

50. Texas Annexation • Texas declared it’s independence from Mexico in 1836 (after the Texas Revolution) • Debated of Congress over annexation of Texas • Issue of concern was slavery • Texas was voted to the union in 1845