Warm Up:

1. Warm Up: How did the influx of silver from the Americas impact life in the land Empires of Eurasia?

2. Chapter 24 Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism 1800-1870

3. I. The Ottoman Empire • Egypt & the Napoleonic Example, 1798-1840 • Napoleonic Invasion • Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 • Defeated the Mamluk forces • French withdrew in 1801, leaving a power vacuum

4. I. The Ottoman Empire 2. Muhammad Ali • Commander in Ottoman army • Sent by Sultan to regain control of Egypt • Took place of governor in 1805 • Removed Mamluk’s from power in 1811

5. I. The Ottoman Empire 2. Military Reforms • Based on the French military practices - Conscription army - Military schools that taught modern European techniques - Officers trained in France

6. I. The Ottoman Empire 3. Egyptian military power • Removed the Saudi clan from Mecca & Medina • Involved in Greek War for independence • Attacked Anatolia - Withdraw after European British navy became involved • Family of Ali ruled Egypt until 1952

7. I. The Ottoman Empire B. Ottoman Reform & the European Model, 1807-1853 • First attempt at reform • Sultan Selim III (r.1789-1807) • Attempted to reform military, centralize power, standardize taxes • Failed due to resistance by Janissaries and ulama • Failed reforms led to military uprising • Selim was jailed & executed in 1807

8. I. The Ottoman Empire 2. Reform reconsidered • Sultan Mahmud (r.1808-1839) saw that empire was backward & weakening - Success of Ali in Egypt - Greek independence in 1829 • Created new artillery unit in 1826 • Janissaries revolted • Artillery unit bombarded Janissary barracks • Janissary corps dissolved

9. I. The Ottoman Empire 3. Tanzimat • Reorganization - Public trials - Equality before the law - Conscription into the army (regardless of religion) - Ended tax farming - New law codes modeled on European, no Shari’a law

10. Read: Imperial Rescript

11. I. The Ottoman Empire C. The Crimean War & Its Aftermath, 1853-1877 • Conflict with Russia • Russia wanted access to the Black Sea • Free access to Mediterranean • Expanded south at the expense of the Ottomans • Russia claimed to be protector of all Orthodox citizens in the Ottoman Empire

12. I. The Ottoman Empire 2. The Crimean War • Began as dispute over access to churches in Jerusalem • Russia invaded the Balkans • Britain, France & Kingdom of Sardinia & Piedmont allied with Ottomans • War fought in Romania, on the Black Sea and Crimean Peninsula

13. I. The Ottoman Empire 3. Effects of the War • Russian expansion to the south blocked • Tsar weakened • First time propaganda used to generate support for war • England and France • Transition to modern warfare - High casualties - Breech loading rifle - End of the significance of cavalry forces

14. Read: Charge of the Light Brigade

15. I. The Ottoman Empire 4. Problems associated with the reforms • Dependence on foreign loans • Trade deficit • Inflation. • In the 1860s and 1870s, discussion of a law that would have permitted all men to vote - Muslims worried that the Ottoman Empire was no longer a Muslim society. - contributed to Muslim hostilities against Christians in the Ottoman territories

16. I. The Ottoman Empire • The decline of Ottoman power and wealth • Young Ottomans Goals - a group of educated urban men • Constitutionalism • liberal reform • creation of a Turkish national state • A constitution was granted in 1876 • a coup soon placed a more conservative ruler on the throne • the Ottoman Empire continued its weakened existence under the sponsorship of the Western powers until 1922.

17. II. Russia • Russia and Europe • Lack of Development • In 1700, only 3% of the Russian population lived in cities • Russia was slow to acquire a modern infrastructure and technology • Russia aspired to Western-style economic development - fear of political change prevented real progress.

18. II. Russia 2. Direction • Westernizers & Slavophiles debated the proper course for Russian development. • Westernizers put faith in technology and reform • Slavophiles considered Orthodox faith, rule of the tsar and peasant life the basis of Russian Civilization • Pan-Slavism – all Slavic people should live under Russian rule

19. II. Russia 3. Diplomacy • Russia included amongst great powers of Europe • Russophobia • Russia seen as a threat • Despised for subjugation of the serfs - Crimean War damage relations between Russia, the Ottomans and Europe

20. II. Russia B. Russia and Asia • Expansion • Russian military superior to Asian counterparts • Russia expanded to the Pacific • Established port of Vladivostok in 1860 • Expanded to Central Asia • Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkestan • Expanded into Caucasus Mountains - Georgia (1786), Azerbaijan (1801), Armenia (1813)

21. II. Russia 2. Effects of Expansion • Increased conflict with China, Japan, Iran & Ottomans • Britain took steps to halt Russian expansion in Central Asia. - Afghanistan and Iran

23. II. Russia C. Cultural Trends • European Influence • Contact with Europe since time of Peter the Great (r. 1689-1725) • Western reforms met a more receptive audience than in the Ottoman Empire • Russia’s governmental reforms were largely ineffective

24. II. Russia 2. Opposition to Reform • Opposition to reform came from wealthy families • feared reform would bring about imperial despotism - realized during the reign of Nicholas I.

25. II. Russia 3. The Decemberist Revolt • Carried out by a group of reform-minded military officers - after the death of Alexander I in 1825 • Their defeat amounted to the defeat of reform for the next three decades.

26. II. Russia 4. Reforms of Tsar Alexander II • Emancipation of the serfs in 1861 • Creation of joint-stock companies • Railroad network • Modernized legal system

27. II. Russia 5. Effects of Reforms • The 19th century saw numerous Russian scholarly and scientific achievements • emergence of significant Russian writers and thinkers. - Feodor Dostoyevsky - Leo Tolstoy

28. III. The Qing Empire • Economic and Social Disorder, 1800–1839 • Effects of Population Growth • Chinese population doubled between 1650-1800. • Population pressure was causing environmental damage • Large population of unemployed & homeless farmers , laborers, and merchants.

29. III. The Qing Empire 2. Discontent • Minority peoples had been driven off their land • Government seen as being weak & corrupt • Influence of foreign merchants and missionaries in Canton and Macao. • Discontent was manifest in a series of internal rebellions in the 19th century - White Lotus rebellion (1794–1804).

30. III. The Qing Empire • The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 1839–1850 • Opium Trade • British wanted Chinese tea • China refused to open to British trade • British grew opium in India • Sold to Chinese • Used proceeds (silver) to promote British industrialization

31. III. The Qing Empire 2. Qing Response • Opium trade first outlawed in 1729 • Smuggling continued • Opium addiction spread to all levels of Chinese society • In 1839, ruled to outlaw use and importation of Opium • Opium War 1839-1842

32. III. The Qing Empire 3. The War • Qing military was obsolete • Qing Bannerman were no match for British troops - Most fought with swords, knives, spears and clubs • Qing had no imperial navy

33. III. The Qing Empire 4. Aftermath • Treaty of Nanking ended the war - Dismantled the Canton System - Five treaty ports opened to British trade - Hong Kong became a British colony - British residents given extraterritorial rights - Qing to pay indemnity of 21 million ounces of silver for starting the war - Britain gained most-favored –nation trading status

34. III. The Qing Empire 5. European Domination • 1860, opium trade legalized • By 1900, 90 treaty ports • Russia, France, Germany, & Great Britain carved out spheres of influence in China • an area where an outside nation exerts special economic or political control • Increased European domination of China led to anti-foreigner sentiment

35. Spheres of Influence

36. III. The Qing Empire C. The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 • Causes • Social unrest - Ethnic divisions - Economic hardships • Foreign intrusion

37. III. The Qing Empire 2. Hong Xiuquan • man of humble Hakka background • became familiar with the teachings of Christian missionaries in Canton. • Hong declared himself to be the younger brother of Jesus • founded a religious group (the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace or Taiping movement) - goal to drive the Manchu (Qing) out of China - recruited followers from among the Hakka people.

38. III. The Qing Empire 3. Rebellion • The Taiping forces defeated imperial troops in Guangxi • recruited (or forced) villagers into their segregated male and female battalions and work teams • conquered toward eastern and northern China. • In 1853, the Taiping forces captured Nanjing and made it their capital

39. III. The Qing Empire 4. Defeat • Provincial governors provided military support for the Qing • Received British and French military support • Rebellion defeated by 1864

40. III. The Qing Empire 5. Results • One of the world’s bloodiest civil wars • Greatest armed conflict before the 20th century. • 20 - 30 million deaths - Starvation & disease • depopulation and destruction of rich agricultural lands in central and eastern China • suffering and destruction in the cities and cultural centers of eastern China.

41. III. The Qing Empire D. Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, 1864–1875 • Debt • Costs of wars • Devastation of productive farmland • The burden of indemnities payable to Western governments

42. III. The Qing Empire • Decline • British, French and Americans became heavily involved in Chinese affairs - customs service, military and industrial advisors • Provincial governors gained autonomy at expense of emperors - Power of taxation, legislation & military command

43. Read: Chinese Responses to Imperialism Pages 701-702 Answer #1-3