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Resurgence of Muslim Empires

Resurgence of Muslim Empires. Ch 21. I. Introduction. After the fall of Baghdad, Islamic power declined considerably Reemerged with Ottoman Empire in late 14 th century Followed by: Safavid Empire-Afghanistan and Iran Mughal- Northern India. I. Introduction. Focused on conquest

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Resurgence of Muslim Empires

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  1. Resurgence of Muslim Empires Ch 21

  2. I. Introduction • After the fall of Baghdad, Islamic power declined considerably • Reemerged with Ottoman Empire in late 14th century • Followed by: • Safavid Empire-Afghanistan and Iran • Mughal- Northern India

  3. I. Introduction • Focused on conquest • Used gunpowder • Cannons and small arms • Eventual conquered Constantinople in 1453 AD (Ottomans)

  4. II. Ottomans • Largest of new Muslim Empires • Expanded greatly through conquest • Was founded in 1281 • Made of Turks who took power as a result of Mongol and Seljuk Turk power vacuum • Named for Osman • Sunni

  5. II. Ottomans • Conquered much of the Byzantine Empire • Constantinople fell to Sultan MehmedII “The Conqueror” • Opened up invasion into Europe as far as Hungary • Used gunpowder considerably • Cannons • Janissaries- military slaves (educated) that were skilled in artillery and firearms • Became very influential

  6. II. Ottomans • Sultans • Effective but later become preoccupied with wealth and pleasure • Bureaucracy led by a grand vizier • Became pleasure seeking which led to downfall • Problems with succession

  7. II. Ottomans • Constantinople • Rebuilt after conquest • Hagia Sophia becomes a Mosque • Many public works- aqueducts, hospitals etc. • Guilds ran by government agencies

  8. II. Ottomans • Decline • Lasted for 600 years • Over expanded • 17th century major retreating started • Corruption in government • Sultans isolated in luxury • Janissaries started to become more influential

  9. II. Ottomans • Decline continued… • Battle of Lepanto 1571 • Huge sea battle that all but crushed Ottoman fleet • Spanish and Venetians • Slight recovery that saved North Africa • Allowed Portuguese to move in on Africa • Lost Mediterranean • Inflation • Technological stagnation

  10. III. Safavids • Shi’a • Started with religious movement of Sufi Sail al-Din who tried to reform Turkish Islam • Known as the Red Heads • Became an empire under Isma’il when he took Tabriz in 1501 • Conquered most of modern day Iran and parts of Iraq

  11. III. Safavids • Isma’il clashed with Ottomans at Chaldiran where his cavalry was slaughtered • Solidified Ottoman dominance over Safavids • After Isma’il, period of turmoil • Abbas I “The Great” • Used converted Russian slaves for military and control of firearms • European advisors • Strengthened military

  12. III. Safavids • Culture • Used Persian rather than Turkish • Leaders called padishah- king of kings • Religion ruled by mullahs • Regulated by government • Required to curse 1st 3 caliphs • Forced conversion to Shi'ite Islam • Public flagellation • Culture was Istafan

  13. III. Safavids • Women • Veiled yet wore colorful clothing? • Elite women were more greatly secluded • Concubines influenced rulers • Trade • Constricted market compared to open Ottoman market • Encouraged art and skilled labor

  14. III. Safavids • Decline • Secluded leaders • 1722 capital sieged and defeated by Afghani nomads

  15. IV. Mughals • Founded by Babur and moved to India in 1526 • Kicked out of Afghanistan • Made attempts to return to Afghanistan but failed • Turned to conquest of India • Greatly conquered Indians (Lodi) • Problems after his death

  16. IV. Mughals • Akbar • Babur’s grandson (Humayan’s son) • Took over at 13 and ruled for 49 years • Illiterate yet smart • Long term planning • Intermarriage with Hindus • Respected Hinduism • Got rid of Jizya • Din-i-Ilahi • Tried to outlaw sati

  17. IV. Mughals • Akbar’s Social Changes • Homeless shelters • Remarriage of widows • Limited child marriage • Women only days at markets

  18. IV. Mughals • Jahangir (1569-1627) and Shah Jahan (1592-1666) • TajMahal built by Shah Jahan • Luxurious living and for both Jahangir and Shah Jahan • Highly influenced by spouses • Traded textiles with Europeans • Patrons of arts

  19. IV. Mughal • Decline • Huge military but inept • Corrupt bureaucracy • Aurangzeb expanded territory but tried to purify Islam • Drained treasury • Peasant uprisings • Rebellions of the Marattas (Hindu) and Sikhs (branch of Hinduism)

  20. V. Wrap Up • Muslim empires fell behind Europeans • Muslim Empires decline allowed Europeans to make economic gains

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