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Indo-Italian Business Seminar on Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation

Carbon sequestration potential assessment in India by A/R activities and implementation of pilot studies. Indo-Italian Business Seminar on Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation New Delhi 19-20 October 2005.

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Indo-Italian Business Seminar on Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation

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  1. Carbon sequestration potential assessment in India by A/R activities and implementation of pilot studies Indo-Italian Business Seminar on Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation New Delhi 19-20 October 2005 • R.Valentini (1), V.K. Dadhwal (2), O.P. Toky (3), S.P.S. Kushwaha (2),L.Belelli Marchesini(1), A.Bombelli (1), L.Perugini (1) • University of Tuscia, Viterbo, (Italy) • (2) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ,Dehradun (India). • (3) Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar (India)

  2. Project partners Prof. V. K. Dadhwal Indian Institute of Remote Sensing Dehradun (India) Prof. O.P. TokyHaryana Agricultural UniversityHisar (India) State Department of Forest - Uttranchal Prof. R. Valentini University of Tuscia Viterbo (Italy)

  3. Outline: • Rules governing LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry) activities within CDM projects • Pilot studies in the framework of italian-indian collaboration

  4. Art 3.3 KP: the net changes in GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from direct human-induced land use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks in each committment period, shall be used to meet the commitments of each party included in Annex I. Art 3.4 KP: includes sinks induced by other activities, defined in Marrakesh Accords (revegetation, forest management, cropland management, grazing land management) Marrakesh Accords -Decision 17/CP7 The eligibility of land use, land-use change and forestry project activities under the cleandevelopment mechanism is limited to AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION Greenhouse gas removals from such projects may only be used to help meet emission targets up to 1% of a Party’s baseline for each year of the commitment period.

  5. Marrakesh Accords draft decision -/CMP.1 (LULUCF) Afforestation is the direct human-induced conversion of land that has not been forested for a period of at least 50 years to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human induced promotion of natural seed resources Reforestation is the direct human-induced conversion of non forested land to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human induced promotion of natural seed resources, on land that was forested but that has been converted to non-forested land. For the first commitment period, reforestation activities will be limited on those lands that did not contain forest on 31 December 1989.

  6. Site eligibility criteria Not forested at 31 December 1989 Outside of funded afforestation project areas A/R activity time 31 Dec 1989 No land tenure or land use conflict Low human pressure High carbon stock accumulation potential

  7. Issuesrelated to A/R CDM projects Additionality & Baseline Leakage Non-permanence Sustainability (environmental and socio-economic impact assessment) Computation of GHG removals by sinks

  8. Additionality “A CDM project activity is additional if anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases bysources are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM projectactivity” Baseline “Baseline net greenhouse gas removals by sinks” is the sum of the changes in carbonstocks in the carbon pools within the project boundary that would have occurred in the absence of theafforestation orreforestation project activity under the clean development mechanism (CDM)

  9. Carbon uptake by forest plantation Net C removals by sinks (natural degeneration scenario) Net C removals by sinks (anthropogenic degeneration scenario)

  10. Leakage The leakage for emission reduction in CDM projects is “the net change ofanthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases which occurs outside the project boundary, andwhich is measurable and attributable to the CDM project activity”. project site Beginning of project forest plantation Before project Shift of human activities out of the project boundaries

  11. Verifiable changes in carbon stocks within the project boundaries The increase in emission of the GHG by sources Calculations of net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks ACTUAL NET GHG REMOVALS BY SINKS BASELINE & LEAKAGE NET ANTHROPOGENIC GHG REMOVALS BY SINKS

  12. Regional net C flux (MtC) due to deforestation & phytomass degradation Central: 1754, East: 755, NE: 1250, NW: 526, South: 1172, India: 5456 110 90 70 50 Net annual C flux (MtC) 30 10 -10 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Central North west East North east South India Environmental context of India Land use changes dominated by losses of fertile land, forest conversion to croplands towards increasing demand of agricultural products for growing population, forest degradation. Forestry & LU change emissions: 0.40 TgC for 1990 (ALGAS, 1999) Cumulative C emissions 5.5 PgC caused by LU change and phytomass degradation (Chhabra et al., 2004) from Indian forests dominated over cumulative fossil fuel use & industrial activity C emissions of 3.45 Pg C over the 20th century.

  13. The project will develop along the following lines of action: 1.To evaluate the state of land degradation of Indian soil and potentials for land reclamation through reforestation in the framework of CDM mechanisms of Kyoto protocol 2.To establish a pilot study in an existing or newly established forest plantation and development of advanced technologies for determination of carbon sequestration 3.To exchange students and researchers between Indian and Italian Institutions.

  14. Role of remote sensing observations • Provide information of land cover, land use & change (verification of eligibility criteria for A/R CDM project sites) • Assessment of potential C sequestration and monitoring of C cycle dynamics driven by remotely sensed parameters (vegetation type, biomass density, biomass burning, etc.) for representative forest typologies along a transect encompassing different ecoregions. • Up-scaling of attributes measured locally (pilot study forest) to landscape and regional level by models between canopy cover properties and RS observations

  15. RAINFALL Climatic gradient Vegetation, May 9, 2002

  16. Forest management (silvicultural practices) Forest plantation with fast growing tree species Models for the assessment of carbon sequestration potential of forest plantations for A/R CDM projects Measurement of carbon stocks and fluxes Design (baseline) and monitoring phase within the CDM project cycle Carbon accounting aimed at carbon credits (CERs)

  17. measurements C fluxes C stocks Biometric measurements and chemical analysis (soil) Micrometeorological measurements by eddy covariance (EC) technique carbon stocks of the following pools as in draft dec.-/CMP.1 (LULUCF): Above-ground biomass Below-ground biomass Litter Dead wood Soil organic matter Continuous monitoring of CO2 fluxes and environmental parameters Carbon budget Parametrization of ecological models for assessment of carbon sequestration potential of A/R activities Estimation of carbon stock changes according to IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (2003)

  18. Network of worldwide CO2 flux monitoring sites Sites missing in India and general underrepresentation of climate combinations in Asia

  19. Daily trend of CO2 flux Eddy covariance tower source C budget sink

  20. Postgraduate education and researchers exchange During the project exchanges of students and visiting researcher is foreseen. A position of doctorate student for an Indian candidate can be considered in the framework of the PhD programme in Forest Ecology and a position for Master on Global Environmental Protection and International Policies at the University of Tuscia (Italy). Also an exchange of up to 2 senior scientists can be foreseen for a period of 3 months to work in the Italian laboratories of University of Tuscia.

  21. Project outputs • Land suitability map for A/R CDM projects in selected sites in India and related potentials of carbon sequestration • Scientific tools and guidelines to: • Reverse land degradation • Adopt best practices in forest management • Evaluate carbon sequestration capacities of forest ecosystems • Capacity building by enhancing know-how for research and management of forest ecosystems

  22. Thank you for your attention!

  23. Duration of the project activity / Crediting period The crediting period is the period for which reductions from the baseline are verified and certified by a DOE for the purpose of issuance of CERs Renewable crediting period A Maximum of 20 years renewable for 2 times CREDITING PERIOD Maximum 30 year Fixed crediting period

  24. Non-Permanence Non-permanence is related to the temporary nature and reversibility of greenhouse gas removals by sinks. Carbon contained in terrestrial ecosystems is vulnerable to natural disturbances such as pest outbreaks, wildfires and diseases, and anthropogenic practices such as harvesting and land management. These disturbances can cause either partial or total loss of the carbon stock from an area that formerly functioned as a sink, thus reversing any environmental benefit resulting from carbon sequestration.

  25. Addressing non-Permanence • tCER (temporary CER) shall expire at the end of the commitment period subsequent to the commitment period for which it was issued. An expired tCER may not further transferred. tCER lCER (long term CER) shall expire at the end of the crediting period or, where a renewable crediting period is chosen, at the end of the last crediting period of the project activity. An expired lCER may not be further transferred. lCER

  26. Sustainability Parties wanted to secure that afforestation and reforestation projects do not generate negative environmental and socio-economic impacts. In order to address this concern, project participants are requested to submit documentation on the analysis of these impacts, including impacts on biodiversity and natural ecosystems. If they, or the host Party, consider that the impacts are significant, a socio-economic or environmental impact assessment consistent with national regulation has to be undertaken, including remedial measures to address them

  27. This project is fittted into the existing cooperation on climate change issues between the MATT and the Ministery of Environment and Forest of India • Particularly with regard with implementation of CDM of the Kyoto Protocol

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