Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 Socialization

2. Socialization • Lifelong social experiences by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture • Personality – a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting • Self – a dimension of personality composed of an individual’s self-awareness and self image

3. Sigmund Freud’s Personality Model • Id – the human being’s basic drives • Ego – a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society • Superego – the operation of culture within the individual

4. Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development • 1st stage – sensorimotor – level of human development in which individuals experience the world only through sensory contact • 2nd stage – preoperational – individuals first use language and other symbols

5. Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development • 3rd stage – concrete operational – individuals first perceive causal connections in their surroundings • 4th stage – formal operational – individuals think abstractly and critically

6. George Herbert Mead • Mead’s theory on the social self includes: • Self develops with social experience • Social experience is exchange of symbols • Understanding by taking role of other • No biological element involved, self is social • Stages of self • 1st stage – Preparatory stage – children imitate people around them • 2nd stage – Play stage – role taking – mentally assuming the perspective of another • 3rd stage – Game stage – can consider tasks and relationships simultaneously

7. Erik Erikson • 8 stages of development • Stage 1 – Infancy – trust vs. distrust • Stage 2 – Toddlerhood – autonomy vs. doubt and shame • Stage 3 – Preschool – Initiative vs. guilt • Stage 4 – Pre-Adolescence – industriousness vs. inferiority

8. Erik Erikson • Stage 5 – Adolescence – identity vs. confusion • Stage 6 – Young Adulthood – intimacy vs. isolation • Stage 7 – Middle Adulthood – making a difference vs. self-absorption • Stage 8 – Old Age – integrity vs. despair

9. Charles Horton Cooley • Looking glass self – we learn who we are by interacting with others • Imagine how we are presenting ourselves • Imagine how people are evaluating us • Form opinions about ourselves based on our perceptions

10. Agents of Socialization • Family – the most important agent of socialization • Peer groups • School • Media

11. Forced Socialization • Anticipatory socialization – social learning geared toward gaining a desired position • Resocialization – altering personality through deliberate control of the environment • Total institution – all aspects of a person’s life are under one authority