The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763)

1. The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763) “The Great War for Empire”

2. Was 1763 a "turning point" in British-colonial relationships???

3. Slow to colonize due to internal conflict between Catholics and Huguenots 1572, St. Bartholomew’s Day 1598- Edict of Nantes During 17th Century, France prospered and grew into a force in Europe King Louis XIV crowned in 1643- Desired overseas colonies in N. America France and North America

4. 1608- Quebec founded by French and Samuel de Champlain Entered into friendly relations with the Huron, enemies of the Iroquois. However, population in Catholic New France (Canada) grew slowly. Only 60,000 roughly in 1750. French government preferred Caribbean island colonies, rich in sugar and rum. France and N. America

5. France and N. America Quebec Scene, by Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin, c. 1699 (detail) The metal cooking pot and the Indians’ clothing and blankets show the Native Americans’ growing reliance on European trade goods

6. France and N. America Fur-Trading Posts To serve the needs of European fashion, fur traders pursued the beaver for more than two centuries over the entire continent of North America. They brought many Indians for the first time into contact with white culture.

7. France spread out through out North America in search of beaver pelts. Cadillac (Detroit 1701) La Salle (Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico) named the area Louisiana after King Louis XIV) New Orleans Saskatchewan, Manitoba, valleys of the Platte, Arkansas, and Missouri; west to the Rockies, and south to the border of Texas. Map p. 107 Fur Trade and the French

8. King William’s War English colonist fought the French coureurs de bois( beaver hunters)and the Indians Video- King William’s War King William’s & Queen Anne’s War – 2different events

9. Queen Anne’s War The peace deal in Utrecht in 1713 gave Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to England. Video- Queen Anne’s War King William’s & Queen Anne’s War – 2different events

10. North America in 1713

11. British Captain caught smuggling by Spanish Spanish cut off his ear and sent him home to the King War broke out in 1739 between British and Spanish • Confined to Caribbean War of Jenkins’s Ear

12. Turns into War of Austrian Succession in Europe Called King George’s War in the colonies France allied with Spain Peace terms gave Louisbourg back to France (colonists not happy Video – King George’s War King George’s War

13. As four “world” wars were fought the colonials participated when it met their needs: – Eng v. Spain = Ga and S.C. – England v. France = Pa, Ve, NH, NY. – Angered when lands they won were given back to Fr. & Sp. in exchange for England land lost in Europe - Angered that they were routinely foiled by the politics of Old World diplomats * Importance of the three wars is that the Colonists fought together and learned the art of war in the American wilderness. Even though they fought for own self-interests, it will be the beginning of colonial unity Colonial Participation

14. 1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne* George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

15. 1754  Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA • Albany Congress failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

16. 1755  Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Amer. Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) • Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia. • Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian forces. Only Br. Success  expelled France from Louisiana. CAJUNS

17. 1756  War Is Formally Declared! Lord Loudouin Marquis de Montcalm Native American tribes exploited both sides!

18. British-American Colonial Tensions Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics. • March in formation or bayonet charge. MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. MilitaryDiscipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

19. 1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister • He understood colonial concerns. • He offered them a compromise: - col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs. -Lord Loudoun would be removed. RESULTS? Colonial morale increased by 1758.

20. 1758-1761  The Tide Turns for England *By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

21. 1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain -->got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England -->got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

22. North America in 1763

23. Effects of the War on Britain? 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! And also that the colonists needed to pay for the war effort and subsequent debt

24. Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1.It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonists who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

25. Most importantly, intercolonial disunity started to melt as soldiers and statesmen interacted. The American colonists learned that despite their many differences and suspicions, they all spoke the same language and shared common ideals. Full unity was far away, but it was born during the French and Indian War. Effects of the War on the American Colonials

26. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

27. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

28. BACKLASH! British Proclamation Line of 1763. Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)

29. Rethinking Their Empire British Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling: • 1761 writs of assistance or illegal search and seizure • James Otis’ case • Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute. • He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equalweight.

30. George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765 1. Sugar Act - 1764 2. Currency Act - 1764 3. Quartering Act - 1765 4. Stamp Act - 1765

31. Theories of Representation Real Whigs Q->What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? Absolute? OR Limited? Q->How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body??

32. Stamp Act Crisis Loyal Nine- 1765 Sons of Liberty– began in NYC:Samuel Adams Stamp Act Congress– 1765*Stamp Act Resolves Declaratory Act– 1766

33. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770 1767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. • Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries. • He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. • Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. • Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston.

34. Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties 1. John Dickinson  1768*Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania. 2. 1768  2nd non-importation movement:*“Daughters of Liberty”*spinning bees 3. Riots against customs agents:* John Hancock’s ship, the Liberty.* 4000 British troops sent to Boston.

35. For the first time, many colonists began calling people who joined the non-importation movement, "patriots!"