Canadian Environmental Practices, 1994

1. Canadian Environmental Practices, 1994 Percent

2. 21st century Neo-liberalism • Increased competition among cities to attract capital • Businesses for generating employment and sources of undermine tax revenues • Widening inequalitiesbetween groups and individuals, • Discrepancies in the level of essential services provided to citizens

3. Commodified Natural Resources • WATER • ELECTRICITY • LUMBER • MINERALS • Commodification of basic resources-is exploitative…

4. 21st century=privatization • Privatisation of water and sanitation a reality • The right to adequate housing lost • Health care-two tier • Education- only for the wealthy

5. Privatized Global Economy • In fact, corporate globalisation, is one of the greatest threats to universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation

6. Environmental Theories • Sustainable Development & Modernization (Structural functional) • Environmental Management (structural functional) • Political economy-Dependency(conflict) • Deep Ecology-Bio Centric (symbolic interactionist) • Eco-feminism (Feminist Conflict)

7. Structural Functionalism • Globalization is part of the adaptive historical process of modernization • Global integration occurs through processes of adaptation within institutions. • Symbiosis-Politics, economics, religion are separate institutions.

8. 1a. Functionalism= Sustainable development • Functionalists argue that the system is working…. • Environment will be cared for on a needs basis.  • Incremental changes only-Ie. Automobile green plan

9. 1b. Sustainable development • -Functionalists view globalization in terms of sustainable development, • Conservationists- refer to“managed” natural resources by applying modern engineering and administrative techniques. 

10. 1c. Sustainable opportunities • The system provides opportunities, if we don’t get on the bandwagon we will be lost. • Functionalists and conservatives are in favour of free market economics. • The free market will take care of itself. • Ie. dictate demand and pricing.

11. 2. Environmental management • Environmental management-calls for moderate government interventions • Some limited protection to the environment without seriously curtailing economic activity

12. Environmental management • Keep private enterprises running but apply some universal tax to make the system fairer for all. • .

13. 3. Marxist Dependency Theory International • -First vs Third World • Exploitation, global Apartheid

14. 3b. Marxist Dependency Theory: Canada • Canadian industrialization created an industrial capitalist class and a proletariat, class relationships are the main force in Canadian history.

15. Canadian capitalism-now driven to global parameters • Stanley Ryerson used this type of Marxist analysis:

16. 4. Marxist Political Economy- • Socialist-Alan Schnailberg’s From Surplus to Scarcity • Production and Consumption Cycle • The Problem is man’s productive activities & advertising. 

17. From Surplus to Scarcity • Schnailberg calls this..The Treadmill of Production consumerism=producerism. • Corporate producers create demand for new products through the medium • .

18. Global Exploitation • Other writers have argued that Canada is part of the first world • Canada exploits third world or poorer countries, especially in the Caribbean and in parts of South America

19. FOR MARXISTS: • THE GLOBAL VILLAGE is THE GLOBAL EXPLOITATIVE MARKET • FREE ENTERPRISE IS AN ILLUSION’ • FREE FOR WHO?

20. Surplus Value (conflict theory) • Tomaximise profits, services and water quality are put at risk • Profits lead to understaffing; thus lay-offs • Double negative impact as they hurt consumers as well as the workers involved.

21. Capitalism and Profit • Local crops are replaced by specialized industries • Standard of living may go up for some, • For most others there is increasing exploitation.

22. Instead of goods exchanged through barter, • Individuals must work for a company and pay for goods in cash. • This has been linked to patriarchy andalienated labour.

23. Average Annual Income, by Country, 2003   Less than US $430   US $430 - 1,110   US $1,110 - 2,350   US $2,350 - 7,490   US $7,490 or more   No data

24. World Map (with area a function of percent of each country’s population living on less than US $2/day, 2003)

25. 4. Deep Ecology -Leftist liberal • SEE WEBER on values… • Deep Ecology Movement- founded by Arne Naess Norweign (1970) • Like Weber and SI- • Deep ecology theory is about human values and beliefs

26. 4. Deep Ecology -Leftist liberal • Like Weber- their concern is about the increasing rationalization of the world through capitalistic activities • Globalization imprisons us like an iron cage

27. Deep Ecocology-bio-centric approach • Ecological thinkers Americans Bill Devall and George Sessions (1985)-apply a bio-centric approach- • “We are all rooted in ecology” and we have a “moral obligation” • Both to other human beings and to plants and animals

28. Colonial Legacy-The New Imperialism • In the twentieth century, this colonial and elite legacy became associated with strong central state and a form of liberalism associated with the United States.

29. Imperialism entails that.. • Slowly=US liberalism, capitalism and globalization supercede environment issues. • .

30. 5..Ecofeminism- • Radical Feminism and the Wiccan Movement • An alternative eco-philosophy who believe that the oppression and exploitation of women and the environment are related.

31. Women and Nature • Androcentricism is the culprit…Women are more innately attuned to nature than men • Impacts on women (more oppressed category like racial and ethnic minorities) • Women, work and family affected in three ways:

32. Ester Boserup (1970) • An Eco-feminist… • Wrote an important book entitled, Women’s Role in Economic Development, • She argues that modernization has contributed to a decline in women’s status.

33. Patriarchy and alienated labour. • Instead of goods exchanged through barter, individuals must work for a company and pay for goods in cash. • Exchanging capital has been linked to patriarchy and alienated labour.

34. Development Programs and Capitalization • Women face discrimination: • Women not compensated at the same rate as men • Husbands unwilling to accept domestic responsibility • Women have not gained political power

35. 3 IssuesGlobalization and Women • 1.    Land is taken away from women and local men who’ve worked together and is given over to a few men-owners of the means of production

36. Women’s Work (domestic) • 2.    As local men’s activities become concentrated on growing more crops for export -pushes women into the home (division of labour) • 3.   As men seek employment in larger markets, household tasks such as cleaning, gathering fuel, hauling water become solely performed by women in the household

37. Global Priorities (in $US billions)

38. Modernization Theory Global inequality results from inadequacies in poor societies: • Lack of capital • Lack of Western business techniques • Lack of stable governments

39. Western Ideas (natural) • Lack of Western mentality • Western values= savings, • investment, • innovation, • education, • high achievement, • self-control in having children

40. How Semi-Peripheral Countries Differ from Peripheral Countries • Type of colonialism • infrastructural support? • Geopolitical position? • helpful to USA • State policy • statist, pro-growth? • Social structure • land reform; homogeneous?

41. Privatisation and the poor • Privatisation often results in reduced access by the poor to basic social services. • Meters on Shacks!!!@

42. Global Slums 3rd world • In many cities and towns in developing countries, • Between 50% and 70% of the population live in slums and squatter settlements • Without adequate housing or basic services. • Many of the poor end up paying up to twenty times more than the rich for water.[

43. Regressive taxation • A regressive tax is a tax imposed in such a manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases. • In simple terms, it imposes a greater burden (relative to resources) on the poor than on the rich.

44. Trade-related competition forbasic necessities • Trade-relatedcompetition for water resources • Corruption in the privatisation process, where the system of checks and balances is weak. • Capitalism is about egoism not self regulation..

46. Gross Domestic Product Per Person, World Regions, 1975-2005 (in 2005 US dollars) The average annual growth rate for each region is shown at the top of each set of columns. GDP per person is calculated in terms of 2005 purchasing power. Absolute decline in Sub-Saharan Africa; biggest percent increase by far in East Asia; by far highest income in OECD countries. 2.0% GDP per person (US dollars) 1.4% 0.7% 0.7% 6.1% 2.6% -0.5% Region

47. Canada as a Semi-Peripheral Country • Type of colonialism: White settler society in which settlers reinvested rather than sending wealth back to Europe. • Geopolitical position: Useful ally of global powers (France, Britain, USA). • State policy: Occasionally protective of Canadian industry (National Policy in the 1870s, Auto Pact in the 1960s, NEP (1980s) • Social structure: French–English conflict has drawn attention away from development policy.

48. Dependency Theory • Part of the Conflict approach • Dependency Theory used to examine the `uneven’ development of capitalism • Dependency theory can be domestic or international in its focus.

49. Dependency Theory I • For 250 years, the most powerful countries in the world have impoverished the least powerful countries as a matter of state policy.

50. Dependency Theory II • Early industrialization allow for • The first world to accumulate 90% of the worlds wealth. • Later in industrialism has led to increasingdependency of uncolonized parts of the world.