Leading & Educating in the 21 st Century

1. Leading & Educating in the 21st Century Winona State University Travel Study Program 04.25.2012 Alex A. Erolin

2. Developments: Late 20th century • Globalization • Foreign trade & investment • Technology • Communication • Mobility • Demographic shift • Communities • Consumers • Work force

3. U.S. Demographics • “Browning of America” • Census 2010 • 33% ethnic minorities • 1.2% increase in non-Hispanic whites • 28.8 % increase in minority population • New entrants to US workforce (1988-2000) • 57% non-Hispanic whites • 43% non-whites and immigrants • 2042: minority will be the majority

4. Impact of Changes • Diversity • Educators • Pedagogy/andragogy • Cultural mindsets • Business leaders • More competition • Product & services • Workforce

5. 21st Century Educator • Understand diverse communities • Connect with diverse population • Develop cross-cultural talent • Adapt pedagogic/andragogic style • Demonstrate respect

6. Cultural Intelligence (CQ) • Global mindset • Able to experience one’s culture (values, beliefs, & behaviors) as “just one organization of reality among many viable possibilities” (Ethnorelativism) • Intercultural competence • Ability to shift cultural perspective and adapt behavior • Commonalities • Differences

7. Global Mindset Ethnocentrism (Monocultural) Ethnorelativism (Intercultural) • One’s beliefs and values are “central to reality” or “just the way things are” • Inability to differentiate among cultures • Judgmental orientation toward other cultures(“Us vs. Them”) • One’s beliefs and values are just one of many possible constructs of reality • Recognize relevance of cultural differences • Increased repertoire of cultural cognitive frameworks and ability to adapt appropriate behaviors

8. Diversity Approaches APATHETIC CONFORMITY COMMONALITY DIFFERENCE FRAGMENTATION Source: Dr. Mitch Hammer, PhD, IDI LLC. 2009

9. Integrating Commonality & Difference COMMONALITY FOCUS GOAL DIFFERENCE INNOVATION Source: Dr. Mitch Hammer, PhD, IDI LLC. 2009

10. 21st Century Educators • Cultural transcenders • Ability to transcend cultural constraints • Multiculturalists • Global citizens

11. Global mindset and the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI)

12. Intercultural Competence • Milton J. Bennett, Developmental Model of Intercultural Competence (DMIS) • Developmental sequence of orientation toward cultural differences • Qualitative differences in how we experience other cultures • 6-stage model • Mitchell R. Hammer, Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) • Instrument to assess an individual’s primary orientation. • Uses the first 5 stages of Bennett’s DMIS

13. Intercultural Development Continuum Ethnocentrism (mono-cultural mindset) Ethnorelativism (intercultural mindset) Source: Mitchell R. Hammer, Ph. D., 2009

14. Stages of Intercultural Development • Ethnocentrism: one’s beliefs and values are “central to reality” or “just the way things are” • Denial: inability to differentiate national cultures • Disinterest • Avoidance • Polarization: judgmental orientation toward other cultures; “Us vs. Them” • Defense: uncritical view of one’s own cultural values/practices; overly critical of others’ cultural values/practices • Reversal: overly critical of one’s cultural values/practices; uncritical of others’ cultural values/practices • Minimization: may recognize commonalities and differences; but, emphasis is on commonalities • If from a dominant culture group, may lack cultural self-awareness • If from a minority culture group, may use as strategy of accommodation

15. Ethnorelativism: one’s beliefs and values are just one of the many possible constructs of reality • Acceptance: recognizes relevance of cultural differences but unclear how to adapt appropriately • Adaptation: increased repertoire of cultural cognitive frameworks; able to apply appropriate behaviors to bridge cultural commonalities and differences

16. Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) • Captures developmental experience • Cross-culturally valid and reliable • Psychometric protocols • Over 4,500 respondents from a wide range of cultural backgrounds • 50-question assessment • Snapshot of predominant orientation • Not evaluative, but descriptive • Neither “good” nor “bad” • Informs an action plan for developing intercultural competence

17. Timeline

18. Completing the IDI v.3 Assessment • Online assessment • Link with access information will be sent to your email • Find some quiet and relaxed time • Allocate 30-45 minutes for the assessment • Answer as candidly as possible • Avoid over-analysis • Supplemental reading materials • To be emailed

19. “Verite en-deçades Pyrenees, erreur au-dela.” - Blaise Pascal [There are truths on this side of the Pyrenees which are falsehoods on the other]. Thank you!

20. References Bennett, M. J. (2004). Becoming interculturally competent. In J. S. Wurzel (Ed.), Toward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education. Newton, MA: Intercultural Resource Corporation. Cohen, S. L. (2010). Effective global leadership requires a global mindset. Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(1), 3-10. doi:10.1108/00197851011013652. Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421-443. Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., de Luque, M. S., & House, R. J. (2006). In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from Project GLOBE. Academy of Management, 67-90. Livermore, D. (2010). Leading with cultural intelligence. New York: American Management Association. McCuiston, V. E., & Wooldridge, B. R. (2004). Leading the diverse workforce: Profit, prospects and progress. The Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(1), 73-92. doi:10.1108/01437730410512787. Nixon, J. C., & West, J. F. (2000). America addresses work force diversity. Business Forum, 15(1/2), 4-9. Northouse, P. G. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice (5th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. Perez, A. D. (2009). The changing racial and ethnic composition of the US population: Emerging American identities. Population and Development Review, 35(1), 1-51. Russette, J. W., & Preziosi, R. (2008). Leadership across cultures. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 7, 47-61.