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Introduction

Aboriginal primary health care, Early Childhood and the Nurse Family Partnership and Abecedarian programs Donna Ah Chee, CEO. Introduction. Central Australian Aboriginal Congress Aboriginal Health Status in the NT and early childhood development Early Childhood: the evidence base

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Introduction

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  1. Aboriginal primary health care, Early Childhood and the Nurse Family Partnership and Abecedarian programsDonna Ah Chee, CEO

  2. Introduction • Central Australian Aboriginal Congress • Aboriginal Health Status in the NT and early childhood development • Early Childhood: the evidence base • The Nurse Family Partnership Program • The Abecedarian Educational Day care Program and the Congress pre-school program

  3. CAACAC Board Lowitja AMSANT CEO Remote Health NACCHO CARHDS Deputy CEO Social & Emotional Heath Alukura Services Childcare Ingkintja Health Education & Training Children’s Services Directorate Public Health headspace

  4. Congress Urban Unique Clients: Health Service Area and Visitors

  5. Congress Episodes of Health Care (all)

  6. Aboriginal Health Status in the NT and Early Childhood

  7. COAG Reform Council report. Healthcare 2011-2012: Comparing performance across Australia. May 2013

  8. COAG Target 1: Life expectancy Life expectancy at birth, by Indigenous status, sex and selected state/territory, 2005–2007

  9. COAG Target 1: Life expectancy Main causes of Indigenous mortality, NSW, Qld, WA, SA and NT, 2004-2008

  10. Australian Early Development Index

  11. NAPLAN Year 3 Reading

  12. Early Childhood: The Evidence base

  13. “Babies are born with 25 per cent of their brains developed, and there is then a rapid period of development so that by the age of 3 their brains are 80 per cent developed.” Ref: Allen G. Early Intervention: The Next Steps. An Independent Report to Her Majesty’s Government. HM Government, UK. Jan 2011. http://www.dwp.gov.uk/docs/early-intervention-next-steps.pdf

  14. “A child’s development score at just 22 months can serve as an accurate predictor of educational outcomes at 26 years.” Ref: Allen G. Early Intervention: The Next Steps. An Independent Report to Her Majesty’s Government. HM Government, UK. Jan 2011. http://www.dwp.gov.uk/docs/early-intervention-next-steps.pdf

  15. Evidence is clear that nutrition and experiences in the early years of a child’s life influence the infant’s brain development.

  16. “In the brain, the ability to hold onto and work with information, focus thinking, filter distractions, and switch gears is like an airport having a highly effective air traffic control system to manage the arrivals and departures of dozens of planes on multiple runways. Scientists refer to these capacities as executive function and self-regulation—aset of skills that relies on three types of brain function: working memory, mental flexibility, and self-control. Children aren’t born with these skills—they are born with the potential to develop them”.

  17. Capacity for regulation by self Regulation needed by other Healthy development Child has experiences in early life that enable development of regulation. Child becomes less dependant of external figure (ie parent) to regular emotions and is able to manage challenges without emotional breakdown or physical outburst Capacity for regulation by self Unhealthy development Child does not have experiences in early life that enable self regulation in adult life. Functioning is never developed to the extend that emotions and impulses can be managed. Individuals who do not have regulation display problems in later life such as alcohol abuse, mental health problems, impulse control that require control by external systems including legislation and agencies such as police and mental health services Regulation needed by other Development

  18. Major longitudinal study 2011 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1010076108 Followed a cohort of 1000 children from birth to age 32 96% retention, Dunedin, New Zealand

  19. The California Adverse Childhood Experiences Study • Links between childhood maltreatment and later life health and well-being. • 17,000 participants. • Adults who had adverse childhoods showed higher levels of violence and antisocial behaviour, adult mental health problems, school underperformance and lower IQs, economic underperformance and poor physical health. • The scientific rationale for Early Intervention is overwhelming Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Walker J, Whitfield CL, Bremner JD,Perry BD, Dube SR, Giles WH (2006) The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 256(3): 174–86.

  20. Negative experiences in the early years have long-lasting effects that can be difficult to overcome later. Ref. McCain MN, Mustard JF. Reversing the real brain drain: Early Years Study- Final Report. Ontario Children’s Secretariat 1999. pp25-26

  21. Hart and Risley in Shenk, D, the Genius in All of Us, Doubleday, 2010 “ The differences were astounding. Children in professionals' homes were exposed to an average of more than fifteen hundred more spoken words per hour than children in welfare homes. Over one year, that amounted to a difference of nearly 8 million words, which, by age four, amounted to a total gap of 32 million words. They also found a substantial gap in tone and in the complexity of words being used “ In addition there were 560 000 more positive affirmations in the professional households compared with 150 000 more negative affirmations in the welfare households

  22. Mothers’ Speech and Infant Vocabulary Ref: Huttenlocher et al, Developmental Psychology, (1991)

  23. Audible television is associated with decreased exposure to discernible human adult speech and decreased child vocalizations. These results may explain the association between infant television exposure and delayed language development. Ref: Christaki DA et al. Audible television and decreased adult words, infant vocalizations, and conversational turns. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(6):554-558.

  24. “What parents do is more important than who they are. Especially in a child’s earliest years, the right kind of parenting is a bigger influence on their future than wealth, class, education or any other common social factor.” Ref: Allen G. Early Intervention: The Next Steps. An Independent Report to Her Majesty’s Government. HM Government, UK. Jan 2011. http://www.dwp.gov.uk/docs/early-intervention-next-steps.pdf

  25. Key Initiatives For Health Improvement Population Parenting Programs Immunisation Home Visiting School Connectedness Smoking Prevention/ Cessation Early Educational Infant Day-care Maternal Education Breastfeeding Community Development Conception Birth 2 years 5 years 12 years 18 years Advocacy - enhance social, political, economic and physical environment; legislation (eg. seatbelts), structural changes (eg housing design)

  26. NURSE FAMILY PARTNERSHIP’STHREE GOALS Improve pregnancy outcomes Improve child health and development Improve parents’ economic self-sufficiency

  27. TRIALS OF PROGRAM Elmira, NY 1977 Memphis, TN 1987 Denver, CO 1994 N = 400 N = 1,138 N = 735 • Low-income whites • Semi-rural • Low-income • blacks • Urban • Large portion of Hispanics • Nurse versus paraprofessional visitors

  28. CONSISTENT RESULTS ACROSS TRIALS Improvements in women’s prenatal health and dramatic reduction in arrests, convictions and jail Reductions in child abuse, mortality and children’s injuries Fewer subsequent pregnancies and greater intervals between births Increases in fathers’ involvement Increases in employment and reductions in welfare dependency Improvements in school outcomes Less addictions, sexual partners and a healthier lifestyle at age 15

  29. NFP at Congress • 6 nurse home visitors and 3 Aboriginal community workers • Recruitment has not been a problem • Need to present prior to 28 weeks • 140 births per year • 70% acceptance rate higher for first time mothers • Increasing early presentations • Reduction in smoking and enhanced language development in children

  30. The Home Visit / Domains • Mother is visited by the same Nurse Home Visitor and throughout the program (therapeutic relationship, linked to outcomes). • Frequency is between weekly and bi-weekly (potentially over 60 visits) • Content of visits is prescribed (Pregnancy, Infancy and Toddler NFP guidelines) The 6 program domains: 1. Personal Health (e.g. access to ANC, substance use, nutrition, mental health) 2. Environmental Health (e.g. safety around the home) 3. Life Course Development (e.g. resume schooling) 4. Maternal Role (e.g. physical and emotional care of baby, parenting) 5. Family and Friends (e.g. building strong net works) 6. Health and Human Services (e.g. housing)

  31. Congress Nurse Family Partnership

  32. NFP: Outcomes for 213 accepted clients

  33. Washington State Institute for Public Policy Economic Analysis Nurse Family Partnership produced large return on investment: Implementation costs $9, 118 Benefits $26, 298 Return on investment $17, 180 *Benefits and Costs of Prevention and Early Intervention Programs for Youth, S. Aos, et al.. Washington State Institute for Public Policy: Olympia, WA, 2004.

  34. Learning Games: Teachers daily engage in short interactive sessions (adult/child interaction games) with individual children or very small groups (e.g., 2 children). Conversational Reading: Teachers use a 3S strategy to read a book individually every day to every child. Language Priority: Teachers use a 3N strategy to surround spontaneous events with adult language. Enriched Caregiving: Teachers encourage children to practice skills (e.g., cooperating, listening, counting, colour recognition) during care routines. The Abecedarian Approach All 4 elements of the Abecedarian Approach are shared with parents through home visits and through carers in day care Centre's from 1 to 3 years

  35. Abecedarian studies

  36. Long-term Health Results forat risk Children with Abecedarian Fewer risky behaviors at age 18 (p<.05) Fewer symptoms of depression (p<.03) at age 21 Healthier life styles. The odds of reporting an active lifestyle in young adulthood were 3.92 times greater compared to the control group: if there was a medicine that produced this odds ratio all children would be on it! McCormick, et al. 2006. Pediatrics. McLaughlin. 2007. Child Development. Campbell et al., 2008. Early Childhood Research Quarterly.

  37. % of children in Normal IQ Range (>84) by Age (longitudinal analysis) Martin, Ramey, & Ramey. 1990. American Journal of Public Health

  38. Stanford-Binet X Maternal Education Ramey & Ramey. 1998. Preventive Medicine..

  39. Educational Attainment:Percent College Attendance At age 21, almost three times as many individuals in the treated group (39.5%) compared to the control group (13.7%) had attended, or were still attending, a 4-year university. χ2(1, N = 104) = 6.78, p < .01 Campbell et al., 2002. Applied Developmental Science.

  40. Post-High School Education for Teen Mothers Whose Children Were in the Abecedarian Program PercentofGroup Ramey et al. 2000. Applied DevelopmentalScience

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