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Language

Language . Lindsey Miller and Reid Scholz. Language . Language is a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning. Many languages have a literacy tradition which is a system of written language

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Language

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  1. Language Lindsey Miller and Reid Scholz

  2. Language • Language is a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning. • Many languages have a literacy tradition which is a system of written language • There are a estimated of 6,909 languages in the world, many countries designate at least one official language. • Hyperpolyglot http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bppUq5IKZrM

  3. Language Definitions • Proto-tongue is the very first language • Language divergence – When speakers of the same language scatter and develop variations of that original form of language • Language shift- when speakers come into contact with other languages, a blending of the two or more language can occur • Language replacement- occurs when invaders replace the language of those places they conquer. Can lead to extinction of the language and its also be when a language is no longer used. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irGk5PItLgk

  4. Language Definitions Ctd. • Reverse Reconstruction- Is the process that begins with the most recent places of the languages existence and moves backward through time, • Dialect- Regional variations within a standard language and differences in pronunciation grammar, and vocabulary. • Language Family- Collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistorical origin.

  5. Language Definitions Ctd • Language branch- Collection of languages that possesses a definite common origin but has split into individual languages • Language group- Collection of several individual languages that is part of a language branch, shares a common origin in the recent past, and has relatively similar grammar and vocabulary.

  6. Language Hearths • Traditional approaches in cultural geography have identified the source areas of the worlds languages and the paths of diffusion of those languages from their places of origins.

  7. Indo- European Branches • Indo- European is the most common family • Indo- European family is divided into eight branches • They are Germanic, Indo- Iranian, Baltic languages, Romance, Albanian, Armenian, Greek, and Celtic. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IC4QEEU8Td0

  8. Germanic Branch • West Germanic -Language group in Germanic branch -English is a part of this group -English and German have many words in common -Further divided High and Low Germanic

  9. West Germanic Branch • High Germanic -Found in high elevations in Germany and spoken in southern mountains -Is the modern standard German language • Low Germanic -English -Dutch -Flemish

  10. Indo-Iranian Branch • Includes more than 100 million speakers • The two Branches are the Eastern group (Indic) and Western group (Iranian) • Indic -Most widely used inIndia, Pakistan and Bangladesh • Iranian -Includes Persian, Pashto, and Kurdish -Spoken in Iran and Southwestern Asia

  11. Baltic-Slavic Branch • Divided into East, West, South, and Baltic • East -Most widely used of the Slavic languages -Part of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages • West Slavic -Includes the Polish, Czech, and Slovak languages • South -Spoken in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Herzegovina

  12. Romance Branch • Four most widely used is -Spanish -Portuguese -French -Italian

  13. Language Tree • Linguist have organized languages into a language tree • Tree is subdivided into -19 language families -Each family has its own branches -Each branch has its own groups -Each group has its own language

  14. Classification of Languages

  15. Preserving Language • The distribution of language is a measure of the fate of an ethnic group. • Extinct Languages -Languages no longer spoken or read in daily activities • Reviving Extinct Languages -Hebrew language is an example of one of the languages that have been revived.

  16. Multilingual State Conflict • Canada • English and French Languages • French speakers in Quebec, have fought for increased recognition and power against the English speaking Canadian majority • Belgium • Dutch and French Languages • The Dutch-speaking north and French-speaking south compete for power and control • Cyprus • Greek and Turkish Languages • Greek majority and Turkish minority compete for control of this island-country • Nigeria • Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo and 230 others Languages • Hausa speakers in the north, Yoruba in the southwest and Ibo in the southeast paint a divided Nigeria in which some 230 other complicate Nigeria's unification.

  17. Monolingual States • Country with one official language. • Few only exist • Examples are Japan and France. • Japan -Relatively monolingual due to its immigration laws • France -Fought to preserve monolingual heritage

  18. Isolated Languages • A language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family • Arise through lack of interaction with speakers of other languages

  19. Global Dominance of English • Lingua Franca -Language of international communication -Mixing two languages into common simple language • Pidgin Language -A simplified form of lingua franca -Mix some elements of own language • Ebonics -Distinctive African American Dialect

  20. Global Dominance of English • English words have been increasingly integrated into other languages • Franglais- French and English • Spanglish- Spanish and English • Denglish- Diffusion of English into German

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