Towards Revolution

1. Towards Revolution Colonial Crisis

2. Study Guide and Identifications • What events led to crisis in the British North America? • Orders of Council • Sugar Act • Coercive Acts • Townsend Act • Stamp Act • Boston Massacre

3. Study Guide Question & ID’s • How did British Colonists respond to Imperial authority? What factors led to the question of independence? • Son’s of Liberty • Edenton Ladies Tea Party • First and Second Continental Congress • Thomas Paine, Common Sense

4. Aftermath of Colonial Wars Treaty of Paris Britain had tremendous national debt Britain alienated colonies Left army in America Taxes Americans to pay its cost Americans insisted that taxation without representation in Parliament violated their rights as English men

5. George Greenville • Kings Chief administrator in 1763 • Began passing policies to impose greater control over the colonies • Extract greater wealth • Anti-American • Viewed colonists as spoiled children in need of punishment

6. Orders of Council 1763 • Stationed British naval vessels in American waters • Intended running down and seizing all colonial merchant ships suspected of smuggling • Goal to end American smuggling • Compel colonists to pay more in trade duties

7. Proclamation of 1763 Goal to avoid costly Indian wars Goal to avoid westward settlement for fear of the establishment of inland markets and therefore eventual competition Garrisoned more British soldiers to keep control over settlers and Indians

8. Revenue or Sugar Act 1764 • Regulated loading & unloading of vessels for the purpose of identifying smugglers • Placed duties on coffee, indigo, sugar and wine • Greenville hoped to gain an annual revenue of 40,000 pounds • To pay for costs of colonial wars & stationing of British troops • Context of a post war depression 1770s

9. Crisis One: Stamp Act 1766 • Directly taxed 50 items • Newspapers, pamphlets, almanacs, playing cards, wills, land deeds, college diplomas • Expected to yield 100,000 pounds per year • Britain refused to give representation • Greenville argued English citizens were virtually represented in that because they resided in the Empire enjoyed representation by parliament • Continued resistance led to its repeal

10. Royalist Faction • Leadership in Massachusetts That enjoyed political patronage of the crown • Lt. Governor & Chief Justice, Thomas Hutchinson • Governor, Francis Bernard • Secretary and Councilor, Andrew Oliver

11. Popular or Country Faction • Samuel Adams • Lawyer, James Otis Jr. • By 1760 Adam’s assumed leadership of the popular rights faction in Mass. Politics • Guided the “Loyal Nine” in directing politics of resistance • Communicated plans to artisans & Mechanics who were leaders of the “Leather Apron” or working associations

12. Leather Apron “gangs” • North End and South End gangs • Fraternal organizations providing fellowship for artisans, apprentices & day laborers • Originally competed and fought amongst themselves • Adams fostered unity to defend political liberties

13. Secret Society: Son’s of Liberty Led by prominent citizens’ referred to as the Associator’s Used violence to resist taxation Boycotts, demonstrations Intimidation Effigy burning Destroyed Andrew Oliver’s Warehouse

14. Andrew Oliver • Merchant • Loyalist • Tax Collector in Boston • Resigned his post due to intimidation and destruction of his property • Rendered office of the stamp collector powerless • Set a precedent of further resistance • Augustus Johnston, RI • Zacahriah Hood, MD • Jared Ingersoll, CT

15. Official Petitions to Parliament • Patrick Henry, Virginian Lawyer • Proposed 7 resolutions in the House of Burgess of which endorsed 4: • No taxation without representation • Denied King and Parliament all legislative power over the American provinces

16. Stamp Act Congress • New York City, 1765 • James Otis led the movement for the Massachusetts General Court to call for an inter colonial congress to draft a joint statement of grievances • 9 colonies responded, 27 delegates appeared in New York • Significance: demonstrated colonial unity

17. Economic Boycott • New York Merchants • Pledged to stop importation unless the Stamp act was repealed • Principal port cities followed • November 1, 1765 – commerce in the colonies came to a Halt • 1766 Stamp Act Repealed • Passed the Declaratory Act • Ensuring parliaments full power and authority to tax colonists and make laws and statutes

18. Crisis Two: The Townsend Act, 1767 • Parliament imposed taxes on imports • British manufactured glass, paper, lead products, painter’s colors, tea • Projected revenue of 35 – 40,000 pounds/yr • Colonists :non-importation & talk of producing cloth • Britain responded with sending troops • Modified act but duty on tea remained

19. Crisis Three:Boston Massacre 1769 Son’s of Liberty clashed with troops Troop Baiting Resistance to military presence 1770 5 civilians killed, 6 wounded Samuel Gray, Samuel Maverick, Crispus Attucks, dead 2 soldiers singled out for the murders, thumbs branded sent back for duty Failure of first attempt of military Coercion Military presence ended in Boston

20. Holiday, March 5, 1770 Samuel Adams declared the date of Boston Massacre a holiday Commemorated fallen martyrs Keep the struggle for the defense of liberties alive

21. Tea Act Fourth crisis: Tea Act of 1773 Boston colonists destroyed British tea 45 tons Boston Harbor Increase of assaults against tax collectors Thomas Hutchinsonof Boston

22. “Edenton Ladies’ Tea Party” Images of Women’s Republican Virtue Edenton Proclamation 52 women of N.C. Boycott English tea & cloth Right & Duty to participate in political events of their time & Region English Satire of American Revolutionary Women’s Meetings

23. Samuel Adams • Born Boston, MS • Prime instigator of protest against imperial policies post 7 year war • Published pamphlets warning of power hungry royal officials • Tax collector who did not collect 8000 pounds • Opposed local leader & merchant Thomas Hutchinson • Represented elite privilege

24. Abuse of a tax collector, c. 1774

25. Coercive Acts, 1774 • Series of legislation passed to address colonial rebellion • Boston Port Bill: closed the port until colonists paid for the tea • Massachusetts Government Act: expanded powers of royal governor and abolished the elective council • General Thomas Cage replaced Governor Hutchinson • Administration of Justice Act: More protection for collectors and imperial officers • Amendment to the Quartering Act of 1765: power to house imperial troops anywhere

26. Unity among colonists

27. Resistance 1765-1775 British fear convinced of organized movement for independence Colonists denied wish for independence Feared deprivation of liberty & rights as Englishmen Britain used military coercion Americans resisted with violence

28. Colonial Loyalties until 1773 Majority of colonists Loyal British Subjects Vague right to self-government 1774 Began to question relationship with Britain Developed clear notion of self-government Parliament had little authority in daily lives of Americans

29. Escalation of new ideology & Violence Conflict over taxation transformed colonial relationship Language of resistance Groups centered around ideas of liberty

30. First Continental Congress 1774 – Philadelphia Began to function as central government for colonies 55 delegates of 12 colonies Lawyers, doctors, merchants & planters John Adams of Massachusetts Patrick Henry of Virginia

31. Role of First Congress 3 tasks Define American Grievances Define constitutional relationship with Britain Develop plan to address grievances Agreed on laws they wanted appealed Did not agree on relationship with Britain Some believed they owed allegiance only to King George III Other believed Parliaments supremacy over the empire

32. John Adams compromise Parliament had no authority over the colonies except in the case of trade legislation Legislation was subject to colonial consent Legislation only used to regulate commerce Legislation could not be used to raise revenue for the Empire

33. Continental Association First Continental Congress formed an association Called for a repeal of the Coercive Acts Resistance efforts Non-importation of British goods Total ban on all exports

34. Daughter’s of Liberty & Mercy Otis Warren Assumed Masculine Name to Publish political tracts John Singleton Copley 1805 history of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution Corresponded with Washington, Adams & Jefferson Anti-federalist Raised question of independence before the congress did Favored state rights over national government The only way to protect against misuse of power was to put tight restrictions on those who ruled

35. British Response General Cage surveyed level of resistance Parliament passed resolution declaring Massachusetts in a state of rebellion Cage arrested leaders of Massachusetts Provincial Congress Led to battles at Concord and Lexington

36. Towards Independence Violence of 1775 led to improvised war Second Continental Congress Organized forces around Boston Formed the Continental Army Appointed George Washington of Virginia to command rebel forces Appealed to King George to Intercede to end crisis and negotiate peace

37. Congressional Factions • New Englanders: • favored a formal declaration of Independence • Reconciliationist’s or Moderates • Led by John Dickinson, Pennsylvania

38. Recruitment Poster for General Washington's Army

39. Continental Army Recruits • Economically hard pressed • Early teens to mid twenties • Landless • Unskilled • Poverty stricken • Expendable • Un-free • Indentured servants and slaves • Stood as substitutes for Masters in exchange for personal freedom at war’s end

40. African American enlistment • Massachusetts: first state to authorize enlistment of African Americans, enslaved and free • Rhode Island: two black regiments • Maryland & Virginia followed • Patriot general asked: why “so many sons of freedom” seemed so anxious to “trust their all to be defended by slaves”

41. Enlistment of Women • Margins of Society • Given half-rations • The British Army allowed 1 women in the ranks for every 10 men • The Continental army allowed 1 for 15

42. Women’s Revolutionary Role •To endow domesticity with political meaning  Women were politicized during war and so was the domestic arena.  Women fought as soldiers 20,000 marched with soldiers Cooks, nurses, doctors, laundresses, guised, porters Consumer boycotts infused daily activities and household production with political meaning.  Kept economy alive, planted and harvested Households provided goods and services to soldiers; were places to which embattled came for supplies, housing, laundry, clothing, nursing.  The expanded role of households during the war was given a new twist in early Republic.  The result was the idea and the image of Mothers of the Republic, and Mothers of Republicans

43. Notable Women • Groton, Mass. • Dressed in men’s clothing, armed themselves with muskets and pitchforks to defend the local bridge & captured British soldiers • 20,000 women marched with American armies • Molly Hays or Molly Pitcher (Penn. Granted her a Pension) • Deborah Sampson Gammett (Timothy Thayer & Robert Shurtleff) joined the army twice • Federal and Mass. Pension

44. British General, Burgoyne Even if the British were to defeat all the men in America, they would still have to contend with all the women British occupation of Charleston Why women fat women were coming back thin Smuggling food past the enemy occupation 22yr Deborah Champion dispatched intelligence to General Washington in Cambridge Mass. From Ct. (Spy)

45. Rebels & Loyalists Throughout 1775 Congressmen and most Americans advocated reconciliation Defensive struggle until peace could be negotiated By 1776 patriots had gained control of all 13 colonies British displayed violence Threatened turning of slaves & Indians against settlers Continued to alienate colonists

46. Lord Dunmore’s Declaration of Emancipation • Royal Governor in Williamsburg, Virginia • 1775, Lord Dunmore in response to Rebel patriots he fled to Chesapeake Bay • To raise loyalist soldiers he offered freedom to slaves who would fight • First Mass Emancipation of slaves • Fear by Planters that Slaves would turn against their masters • Dunmore’s Ethiopian Regiment • Lost at Battle of Great Bridge, December, 1775 • Dunmore fled the colonies in 1776

47. Final Steps towards independence 1776 Thomas Paine Common Sense Considered question of independence

48. Final Steps towards independence 1776 Thomas Pained Common Sense Considered question of independence Stressed Locke an theme of government Contractual relationship between the people and the government Give up a little property and natural rights for protection and civil rights Hereditary Kingships and aristocratic titles inherently unfair People should welcome opportunity to severe ties with oppressive and unequal system of government

49. Basis of colonial loyalties Loyalty to the king After demolishing this relationship Argued independence Free American involvement in world wars Free trade Free economics Prosperity & Liberty

50. English political cartoon showing the mother Britannia fighting with daughter America