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Source: David Myers Worth Publishers

Biological Bases of Behaviors Unit 2 Biopsychology Psychology 40S C. McMurray. Source: David Myers Worth Publishers.

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Source: David Myers Worth Publishers

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  1. Biological Bases of BehaviorsUnit 2 Biopsychology Psychology 40S C. McMurray Source: David Myers Worth Publishers

  2. In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental abilities were modular. History of Mind Phrenology Bettman/ Corbis

  3. In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad worker was packing gunpower into a rock with a tamping iron. A spark ignited the gunpowder, shooting the rod up through his left cheek and out the top of his skull, leaving his frontal lobes massively damaged. To everyone’s amazement, Gage was immediately able to sit up and speak. Although his mental abilities and memories were intact, his personality was not. The soft spoken Gage was now irritable, profane and dishonest. Gage was no longer Gage. Phineas Gage

  4. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/6835-human-body-built-for-survival-video.htmhttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/6835-human-body-built-for-survival-video.htm "You have brains in your head.You have feet in your shoes.You can steer yourselfAny direction you choose.” Watch video: Human brain built for survival

  5. The Brain

  6. Older Brain Structures The Brainstemisthe oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

  7. Brain Stem The medulla is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. The pons above the medulla are responsible for sleep. Reticular Formationisa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

  8. Brain Stem The Thalamus is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

  9. Cerebellum The “little brain” (cerebellum) attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

  10. The Limbic System The Limbic Systemisa doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, pituitary gland and hypothalamus.

  11. Amygdala The Amygdala consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

  12. Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenanceactivities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

  13. The Cerebral Cortex The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center. brain map

  14. Structure of the Cortex Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of head).

  15. Brain Lobes • The Frontal Lobes are involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. • The Parietal Lobes receive sensory input for touch and body position. • The Occipital Lobes receive visual information from the opposite visual field. • The Temporal Lobes receive auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.

  16. Functions of the Cortex The Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. The Sensory Cortex (parietal lobe) receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

  17. The Brain’s Plasticity The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences. Plasticityrefers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness. rubber hand illusion Watch the brain that changes itself Ellen Degeneres rubber hand episode

  18. The Split Brain Experiments • In the 1960s, there was no other cure for people who suffered from a special kind of epilepsy than by cutting off the connection, corpus callosum, between the two hemispheres. This made it possible for the patients to live a normal life after the operation, and it was only when carrying out these experiments one could notice their somewhat "odd behavior.“ Right Hemisphere Spatial abilities Face recognition Visual imagery Music Left Hemisphere Language Math Logic

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