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Fluoro & Rad Protection - Key Concepts Review for Radiologic Technologists

This review covers electron focusing lens, image intensifier functions, patient dose factors, resolution terms, and radiation protection regulations for techs in the field. Understand key terms and concepts to optimize patient safety and image quality.

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Fluoro & Rad Protection - Key Concepts Review for Radiologic Technologists

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  1. Fluoro & Rad Protection Review Questions For WEB RT 255 wk 7/8

  2. __________ – Input Phosphor _______________ – Output phosphor ELECTRON FOCUSING LENS + CURRENT ATTRACTS e TO ANODE _________ KVP POTIENTIAL ACROSS TUBE IMAGE INTENSIFIER MEASURED IN ???? IP VS OP

  3. FUNCTION: CHANGE XRAY PHOTONS TO __________ PHOTONS (INPUT PHOSPHOR) TO __________(PHOTOCATHODE) IMAGE INTENSIFIER

  4. The ratio of the number of light photons striking the output screen to the ratio of the number of x-ray photons striking the input screen is called _____________ Defines?

  5. MAG MODE VS PT DOSE • MAG USED TO ENLARGE SMALL STRUCTURE OR TO PENETRATE THROUGH LARGER PARTS • FORMULA:???? • PATIENT DOSE IS INCREASED IN THE MAG MODE – • DEPENDANT ON SIZE OF INPUT PHOSPHOR

  6. MAG MODE VS PT DOSE • MAG USED TO ENLARGE SMALL STRUCTURE OR TO PENETRATE THROUGH LARGER PARTS • PATIENT DOSE IS INCREASED IN THE MAG MODE – • DEPENDANT ON SIZE OF INPUT PHOSPHOR • FORMULA:????

  7. Name of Pattern of electon beam? # of lines for Conventional vs Digital monitors Horizontal Resolution? Vertical Resolution? TV Monitor

  8. VERTICAL RESOLUTION ABILITY TO RESOLVE OBJECTS SPACED APART IN A VERTICAL DIRECTION MORE DOTS(GLOBULES) = MORE SCAN LINES = MORE/BETTER RESOLUTION RATIO OF VERTICAL RESOLUITON # OF SCAN LINES KELL FACTOR FOR 525 LINE SYSTEM IS ____________________ KELL FACTOR

  9. PLUMICON, VIDICON, ORTHOCON, CCD’s • Function? • CONNECTED BY • MOST COMMOM • BETTER RESOLUTION & Lower pt dose? • – VERY $$$$ • Type used in Digital Units? VIDEO/CAMERA TUBE

  10. Terms that are necessary to know: • Vignetting is • Pincushion effect • Quantum mottle is • The _____of the II will always have the best resolution. • Lag is Image Quality

  11. Terms that are necessary to know: • Vignetting is the loss of brightness at the periphery of the II due to the concave surface • Pincushion effect is the drop off at the edges of the II due to the curved surface • Quantum mottle is the grainy appearance on the image due to statistical fluctuations • The center of the II will always have the best resolution. • Lag is the blurry image from moving the II too fast Image Quality

  12. Image Quality - Define • Contrast is controlled by? • Resolution • Size Distortion is affected by • Quantum mottle • What is it and what causes it?

  13. Fluoroscopic tubes operate at currents that range from With ___________the most common AEC rate controls: equipment built after 1974 with AEC shall not expose in excess of __R/min; equipment after 1974 without AEC shall not expose in excess of ____ R/min Regulations about the operation

  14. Must have a ____________ switch Must have __________ exposure timer Must have an ______to prevent exposure without II in place Tube potential must be tested ________ Brightness/contrast must be tested _______ Beam alignment and resolution must be tested _____ Leakage cannot exceed __________ Other regulations

  15. FIXED UNITS • ____PREFERRED • _____MINIMUM MOBILE UNITS ( C-ARMS) _____ MINIMUM SSD – TUBE TO SKIN DISTANCE

  16. Must have a device to prevent operation at a SOD of less than ___________ A bucky slot cover must be provided Aprons must be at least _______Pb equivalent ________Al equivalent filtration is required Must provide at least _____ and preferably ______ between source and table top more regulations

  17. For radiation protection purposes the fluroscopic table top exposure rate must not exceed __________/min. The table top intensity should not exceed ____ R/min for each mA of current at____ kVp Fluoroscopy exposure rate

  18. 1 Rem = .01 Sievert 1 REM = _____mSv 1 Rem = _____mRem ? measurement

  19. 100 R = 1 C/kg 1Rad = 1/100 Gray 1 Rem = .01 Sievert (Rad + QF = REM) 1 REM = 10 mSv 1 Rem = 1000mRem measurement

  20. ______ OF OCCUPATIONAL NON MEDICAL EXPOSURE _____ RAD OR _____MRAD UNDER AGE 18 AND STUDENT .1 rem 1 mSv Pg 98 RTA BOOK PUBLIC EXPOSURE ?

  21. INTERGRAL DOSE – 100 ERGS OF TISSUE = 1 RAD EXPOSURE OR ___ RAD =___ERGS

  22. NAME 4 WAYS TO LIMIT DOSE TO THE PATIENT DURING FLUORO EXAM PATIENT PROTECTION

  23. According to your California syllabus, list more 6 things that will reduce patient exposure:

  24. MUST BE . ______ OF LEAD MUST BE USED WHEN GONADS WILL LIE WITHING _____ OF THE COLLIMATED AREA (RHB) KUB. Lumbar Spine Pelvis male vs female shielding GONAD SHIELDING

  25. ♀ receive _____ more dose than ♂ for pelvic x-rays 1 mm lead will reduce exposure (primary) by about ______♀ by about ________♂ Gonad shielding & dose

  26. Degree of scatter??

  27. 135 under 45 over Degree of scatter??

  28. KEEP I.I. CLOSE TO PATIENT

  29. Over vs under the table fluoro tubes

  30. The use of the available film area to control the image as seen from the output phosphor. • Underframing • _______ is best, (58 % lost film surface) • Overframing,(part of image is lost) • Total overframing Framing and patient dosesyll = Pg 31 which is BEST

  31. IF MACHINE OUTPUT IS 2 R/MA/MIN = WHAT IS PT DOSE AT 1.5 MA FOR 5 MIN STUDY? EXPOSURE RATES FLUORO

  32. CURRENT STANDARD _______ R/MIN (INTENSIFIED UNITS) HLC: BOOST MODE _______ R/MIN EXPOSURE RATES FOR FLUORO

  33. Lower at a _____ DEGREE ANGLE from the patient + PRIMARY BEAM AT 1 METER DISTANCE - • _______ OF INTENSITY PRIMARY XRAY or 0.1% RADIATION PROTECTIONThe Patient is the largest scattering object

  34. The law requires that total filtration during fluoroscopy should be __________________

  35. Between spot film cassettes and photospot films,the_____will increase patient dose. However, between the two the ______will produce better image quality.

  36. The x-ray tube current automatically increases to ________level of mA when a spot film is taken.

  37. List one RECORDING method that HAS LOWERPATIENT DOSE: ______________________

  38. When recording dynamic images using cine, the higher the frames per second, the ___________ the patient dose

  39. STANDING BEHIND A PROTECTIVE PRIMARY (-of ____ pb) BARRIER: PRIMARY RADIATION EXPOSURE _____REDUCED PORTABLE BARRIER = _____REDUCTION PERSONNEL PROTECTION

  40. PROTECTIVE APRONS – 0.25 PB = ____ ↓ TO SCATTER 0.5 PB = _____ ↓ TO SCATTER THYROID SHEILDS (____________ mm pb) GLOVES (____________ mm pb) PERSONNEL PROTECTION

  41. PERSONNEL PROTECTIONMONITORING • FILM BADGE • TLD • POSL • POCKET DOSIMETER • RING BADGE • Which is most sensitive to radiation? • Which one has a permanent record?

  42. DOSE LIMITS WHOLE BODY __________ EYES _________________ EXTREMITIES (BELOW ELBOW/KNEES) PERSONNEL PROTECTIONMONITORING

  43. Who should wear 2 badgesname 2

  44. Who wears a ring dosimeter?

  45. TLDSensitive to ___mrem?

  46. Report available at least _________Preserved for a minimum of _____years

  47. IMMEDIATE – REPORT WITHIN _________________________ TOTAL DOSE OF 25 rems Eye dose – 75 rem Extremity – 250 RADS RHB NOTIFICATION (

  48. OVEREXPOSURE – Report within ________________ TOTAL DOSE OF 5 rems Eye dose – 15 rem Extremity - 50 REMS RHB NOTIFICATION (EXP IN 24 HOURS)

  49. WITHIN ________OF EXPRIATION NOTIFICATION OF CHANGE OF ADDRESS LICENSE RENEWAL

  50. HIGH RADIAITON AREA – • ___________mRem ( 0.1 rem / (1 msV) • @ 30 cm from the source of radiation

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