综合写作怎么写？

1. 综合写作怎么写？ 小马过河 袁利婵

2. 考试形式介绍 • 综合：阅读＋听力＋写作(共25分钟) • 阅读文章：3分钟 300字左右 • 听力：2分钟 • 写作：20分钟 150－225

3. The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two. The first reason why pollution seemed the more likely cause was that there were known sources of it along the Alaskan coast, such as oil rigs and other sources of industrial chemical pollution. Water samples from the area revealed increased levels of chemicals that could decrease the otters' resistance to life-threatening infections and thus could indirectly cause their deaths. Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining, indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affects the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales. Third, scientists believed that the pollution hypothesis could also explain the uneven pattern of otter decline: at some Alaskan locations the otter populations declined greatly, while at others they remained stable. Some experts explained these observations by suggesting that ocean currents or other environmental factors may have created uneven concentrations of pollutants along the coast.

4. 内容介绍： • 阅读文章： • 一个观点＋三个理由 • 听力材料： • 相反观点＋驳斥三个理由 • 写作： • 阐述听力材料如何反驳阅读材料的观点

5. 评分标准 5分标准: A response at this level: Successfully selects the important information from the lecture, Coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading; The response is well organized Occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connection.

6. 评分标准 4分标准：A response at this level is Generally good in selecting the important information from the lecture; In coherently and accurately presenting this information in relation to the relevant information in the reading; But it may have minor omission, inaccuracy, vagueness, or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection to the points made in the reading. A response is also scored at this level if it has more frequent or noticeable minor language errors, as long as such usage and grammatical structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the connection of ideas.

7. 评分标准 3分标准: A response at this level Although the overall response is definitely oriented to the task, it conveys only vague, global, unclear, or somewhat imprecise connection of the points made in the lecture to points made in the reading. The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture Some key points made in the lecture or the reading, or connections between the two, may be incomplete, inaccurate, or imprecise Errors of usage and/or grammar may be more frequent or may result in noticeably vague expressions or obscured meanings in conveying ideas and connections.

8. 综合写作的考察点 • Structure • Language--------Paraphrasing • Sentences and words choice • Grammar • Spelling • Note-taking

9. 文章结构 开头段：话题背景 主体段: 1、听力如何反驳阅读的理由1 2、听力如何反驳阅读的理由2 3、听力如何反驳阅读的理由3 结尾段：不用写

10. 语言组织 原则： 不发表个人看法，仅转述内容 清楚表述阅读与听力之间的关联 转述要完整（不能漏掉要点） 合理使用阅读和听力材料的原文（注意是“合理”）

11. 记笔记 • 记什么？& 怎么记？ • 首段：话题与观点陈述 • 主体段：主题句（段首1-2句，段末），支撑点（注意表示举例，原因，转折，数字等信号词）

12. 笔记格式

13. 笔记信号词 列举：first of all, second, third 递进：also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, etc. 转折：but, yet, however 因果：because, as, since 否定意义：cannot， would not 观点性的词：argue, doubt, be suspicious about, complain, claim, question about 比较级，最高级词汇

14. TPO 8----Reading Toward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was.

15. For example, in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland, ha was very wealthy, and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties on gambling. However, evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant. Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich, he would not have needed to borrow money.

16. Critics are alsoskeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in the memoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire. No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed. However, critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.

17. Critics have also questioned the memoir’s account of the Chevalier’s escape from a notorious prison in Venice, Italy. He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof. Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading, it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.

18. TPO 8- Lecture No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail, but still, the Chevalier’s memoir is pretty accurate overall, and is, by and large, a reliable historical source. Let’s look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading. First, the loan from the merchant. Well, that doesn’t mean that the Chevalier was poor. Let me explain. We know that in Switzerland, the Chevalier spent huge amounts of money on parties and gambling, and he had wealth. But it was a kind of property you have to sell first to get money. So it usually took a few days to convert his assets into actual money. So when he ran out of cash, he had to borrow some while he was waiting for his money to arrive, but that’s not being poor.

19. Second, the conversations with Voltaire. The Chevalier states in his memoir that each night immediately after conversing with Voltaire, he wrote down everything he could remember about that particular night’s conversation. Evidently the Chevalier kept his notes of these conversations for many years and referred to them when writing the memoir. Witnesses who lived with the Chevalier in his later life confirmed that he regularly consulted notes and journals when composing the memoir. Third, the Chevalier’s escape from a prison in Venice. Other prisoners in that prison had even more powerful friends than he did, and none of them were ever able to bribe their way to freedom. so bribery hardly seems likely in his case. The best evidence, though, comes from some old Venetian government documents. They indicate that soon after the Chevalier escaped from the prison, the ceiling of his old prison room had to be repaired. Why would they need to repair a ceiling unless he had escaped exactly as he said he did.

21. 关于记笔记的注意事项 1.阅读材料是否需要记？ 2. 用中文还是英文？ 3. 记不全怎么办？

24. 关于综合写作的模板 好用！ 用好！

25. 范文：The reading passage raises several doubts about the accuracy of the memoir written by the Chevalier de Seingalt, whereas the professor defends the memoir in the lecture by clarifying the seeming contradictions in the Chevalier’s accounts. The professor argues that because the Chevalier was rich in assets but poor in cash while he was living in Switzerland, he occasionally had to borrow funds to pay for expensive recreational activities. According to the professor, having low amounts of cash is not the same as being financially poor. The reading, however, holds that as someone who had to borrow large amounts of money from others, the Chevalier must have fabricated stories of his wealthy life in Switzerland. Moreover, the professor challenges the skepticism expressed in the reading regarding the reliability of the conversations with Voltaire that the Chevalier recorded in his memoir. She explains that because the Chevalier had a habit of recording each conversation with Voltaire in a diary immediately afterward, he was able to recall those discussions in detail even years later. Finally, the professor rejects the claim in the reading that the Chevalier bribed his way out of a prison in Venice. She says that the fact that none of the other prisoners, even those with better resources, had been able to do so shows that bribery was unlikely. Furthermore, she points to a government paper that recorded the repair work done to the Chevalier’s prison cell, citing this as strong evidence that the account of his escape from the prison was indeed accurate.

26. 可借鉴的模板： The reading passage raises several doubts about_________, whereas the professor defends _________by clarifying the seeming contradictions in__________. The professor argues that ________. According to the professor, _________. The reading, however, holds that________. Moreover, the professor challenges the skepticism expressed in the reading regarding the __________. She explains that________________. Finally, the professor rejects the claim in the reading that_________________. She says that the fact that __________ shows that__________. Furthermore, she points to__________, citing this as strong evidence that__________.

27. Thanks!