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STATUS AND CORPUS PLANNING: ADDRESSING LANGUAGE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA

STATUS AND CORPUS PLANNING: ADDRESSING LANGUAGE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA. Mtholeni N. Ngcobo DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA. LANGUAGE PLANNING. A social construct Production of a policy Policy aspect of planning; Allocation (Gorman, 1973)

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STATUS AND CORPUS PLANNING: ADDRESSING LANGUAGE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA

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  1. STATUS AND CORPUS PLANNING:ADDRESSING LANGUAGE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA Mtholeni N. Ngcobo DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA

  2. LANGUAGE PLANNING • A social construct • Production of a policy • Policy aspect of planning; • Allocation (Gorman, 1973) • Language happening (Jernudd & Das Gupta, 1971) • Language Treatment (Neustupný, 1974)

  3. Language Planning • De facto language planning vs. de jure language planning • Practices vs. Policy

  4. FOURFOLD MODEL • Selection of the norm • Codification • Implementation • Elaboration • Antia (2000) two-by-two matrix • Norm + function = language • Society + language = planning

  5. THEORETICAL MODELS • Rational model (canonical or ideal planning) • Alternative model • Rational model: • National/official language choice – purely government decision • Alternative model • Accommodate several types/levels of government or non-governmental decision-making and implementation

  6. THEORETICAL MODELS cont… • Several planning mechanisms • Less organized and less coordinated sources of change

  7. LANGUAGE MANAGEMENT • A reaction against centralisation • Focus on discourse

  8. STATUS vs. CORPUS PLANNING • Compartmentalization (Kloss, 1969) • Status planning: • Discourse of language politics and society • Social aspects of language planning (Kaplan and Baldauf, 1997) • Related to political issues • Focus on legislative decisions

  9. STATUS vs. CORPUS cont… • Corpus Planning • Focus on changes by deliberate planning to the corpus or shape of a language • Orthography, grammar, lexica (Antia, 2000) • Relationship (status & corpus) • Dichotomous and complementary

  10. LP IN SA • Socio-historical view: • Traditional structural planning of culture and language • Symbolic power: the creation of the linguistic field; hebitus (Bordieu, 1991) • The de jure emphasis (1822) – Anglicisation • Objection – Dutch speaking people • 1910 – Union of SA

  11. LP in SA cont… • English and Afrikaans legislation • Standardization of some indigenous languages

  12. LP in Democratic SA • Correction intervention: 11 official languages • Compromise and accommodating (Bellamy, 1999) • LANGTAG and PANSALB • Promotion of the use of official languages • Development of minority language • Constitutional base & the Bill of Rights

  13. POLICY DOCUMENTS • The National Policy Framework- 2003 • The Implementation Plan - 2003 • Language in Education Policy - 1996 • Language Policy for Higher Education • The Western Cape Provincial Language Act of 1998

  14. THE NATURE OF SALP • Emotional connotations that languages hold: various voices and interests • Objectively designed: to maintain ethnic diversity and compromise • Deliberate and political policy of multilingualism • Symbolic

  15. THE NATURE OF SALP cont… • Aims: promote, develop, respect • Language groupings: Nguni, Sotho, Venda, Ndebele, English and Afrikaans

  16. CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS • Implementation problem • English dominance • The balance of the needs and preferences • Escape clauses: practicability, usage etc. • Discourse: equality vs. equity, individual rights vs. group rights

  17. FROM STATUS TO CORPUS LP • Interlinguistically competitive market place • Policy approach vs. the cultivation approach • Policy: created the climate of transformation or reconstruction and development (Webb 2000) • Development and corpus planning (a practical implementation strategy)

  18. FROM STATUS TO CORPUS LP • Beautify, amplify and dignify (Fishman 1996) • Terminology development, interpreting and translation • The use of new and acceptable conventions and the involvement of the designated audience • The development of teaching material and other applications

  19. CONCLUSION • The SA Policy is good • Status planning should be complemented with corpus planning • Idealistic vs. pragmatic types of language planning • A need for localisation or glocalisation: a response to global technology (Antia, 2000)

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