The Rise of a Mass Democracy

1. The Rise of a Mass Democracy The Jacksonian Era 1824-1840

2. SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it. • a. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets. • b. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny. • e. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism. • SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion. • c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism.

3. End of the Era of Good Feelings • 1828 – Democratic Republicans adopt the new name of simply “Democrats” • By the 1830’s, opposition to the Democrats led to the creation of the Whig party. • Drastic increase in voter turnout: 78% voted in 1840 • Spread of universal white suffrage (all white men could vote) • Political parties became essential in checks and balances; one party would ensure that the other party did not attain too much power

4. John Quincy Adams • 6th President of the US • Son of Pres John Adams • Democratic Republican • Intellectual but lacking personality • First to be elected without winning popular vote; term known as a “minority president”

5. Electoral Map of 1824 • No candidate receives majority (1 over ½) electoral vote • Sent to the House of Representatives

6. Corrupt Bargain of 1824 • Amendment XII – adopted in 1804; if no candidate receives a majority of electoral votes, the election is sent to the House of Representatives where each state receives 1 vote • Andrew Jackson won the popular and electoral vote but failed to get a majority • Election therefore was sent to the House where Henry Clay served as Speaker of the House

7. Election sent to House • Each state gets one vote. • Adams emerges victorious

8. Adams appoints Clay • Using his influence as Speaker, Clay convinced many representatives to support Adams • In return a victorious Adams appointed Henry Clay the job as Secretary of State which many saw as a scheme to sway the election. • Voters were outraged. Adams was accused of promising benefits for political support.

9. Andrew Jackson • 7th President of US (1829-1837) • Military hero from War of 1812 • Member of the “NEW” Democratic Party • Wealthy slave owner from Tennessee • Popular/Electoral winner of 1824 election

10. Electoral Map 1828 • Support for Jackson comes from South and West

11. Jackson takes office • After a long, hard race Jackson defeats Adams by electoral landslide. • Race involved “mud-slinging”; using ‘below the belt tactics’ in campaigning (i.e. spreading rumors, making false allegations, etc.) • Jackson appealed to many poor, rural men who now had the right to vote regardless of land ownership

12. The Spoils System • Spoils system involves rewarding political supporters with political jobs and/or benefits regardless of qualifications or competency • Jacksonian Democrats introduced concept into the changing government • These “new” democrats distrusted the federal government (i.e. states’ rights supporters) • “Every man is only as good as his neighbor”- President Andrew Jackson

13. The Tricky “Tariff of Abomination” • Tariffs are taxes put on imported goods in order to protect sales of domestic goods • In response, our trading partners increased tariffs on their imports • Industrial North supported the tariff • Rural South opposed the tariff; caused profits from crop sales to plummet • If the federal government can use its power to issue taxes, who was to say that the same power would not be used to suppress slavery?

14. John C. Calhoun • Jackson’s Vice President • From South Carolina • Supporter of slavery and states’ rights • Anonymously authored “The South Carolina Exposition” that denounced the Tariff as unjust and unconstitutional

15. “Avatar” (2009) “Synopsis – A US Marine is asked to infiltrate a native tribe (the Na’vi) on a distant planet (Pandora) in order to gain knowledge of their culture as well as their trust. His mission is to persuade these beings to abandon their land as the US wishes to harvest the vast riches that can be found on this land. When the Na’vi refuse to leave, a fight ensues between the natives and the colonizers. This sounds strangely similar to….

16. The Trail of Tears • Jackson’s Indian Removal Plan • Helped in part by Harrison’s victory over Indian Confederacy • Settlers wanted Indian lands • Tribes from South and Midwest relocated on foot to Great Plains (modern day KS, NE, and OK)

17. Trail of Tears

18. “Avatar” T.O.D. • Explain the parallels between “Avatar” and Jackson’s Indian Removal Plan. • Responses should be at least 2 paragraphs (8 sentences) • Compare and contrast how the two stories are similar and how they are different. • What did both sides want? • What were the outcomes?

19. Jackson’s Bank War • States’ rights supporter Jackson distrust the power of the National Bank • He felt that the National Bank’s first priority was profit not public service • Henry Clay brought up the Bank recharter bill two years early in order to make it an election issue is 1832

20. Jackson’s Bank War • Jackson used the power of Presidential veto to strike down the Bank’s recharter declaring the Bank unconstitutional • Even though John Marshall and the Supreme Court declared the Bank constitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland • Jackson regarded the executive branch as superior to Judicial Branch • This veto drastically amplified to power of the presidency

21. Jackson referred to the bank as a “Medusa”, a vicious, multi-headed mythical creature

22. Birth of the Whig Party • Martin Van Buren • 8th President • Jackson’s hand-picked successor • Continued policies of Jackson • Opposition to these policies led to the formation of the Whig Party

23. Electoral Map 1836

24. Gone to Texas • Stephen F. Austin • Negotiated with Mexican government to bring in American families to Texas • Issues such as slavery, religion and racism caused friction between settlers and Mexican gov’t

25. Mexico invades Texas • In response to Texas declaring independence, Santa Ana (left, Commander of Mexican Army) led troops in an invasion

26. Sam Houston • Chosen leader of the Texas army • Defended Texas against invasion of Santa Ana • Seige of Alamo by Santa Ana caused Americans to take up the cause of the Texan rebellion and help • “Remember the Alamo” • “Victory or Death”

27. Remember the Alamo • The Alamo, San Antonio, Texas

28. Immigration Explosion • Between 1830-1860 the United States experienced a dramatic increase in migration • Majority of immigrants come from Ireland and Germany; Ellis Island (Statue of Liberty) • Europe was running out of room; saw America as the “Land of Opportunity”; Irish potato famine • New York, Boston – become predominately Irish, Catholic, low-skilled workers; could not afford to move westward so they remained in port cities • Germans (somewhat wealthier than Irish) flock to the Midwest (IL,MI,WI) and establish economic presence • Influenced politics; power in numbers; strong opponents of slavery

29. Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island, New York City

30. Opposition to Immigration • Irish hated for being Catholic in Protestant nation • Nativism – fear and opposition to open immigration

31. Eli Whitney, the Cotton Gin and Interchangeable Parts • Cotton gin revolutionized cotton industry • Allowed easy way to remove seeds from cotton plant • Designed interchangeable parts for muskets; became the basis for modern mass production

32. Cotton Gin Expands Slavery • With the convenience of the cotton gin removing seeds from cotton, production and demand of the crop skyrockets • In response to increasing demand for cotton, farmers incorporate more slaves from 1830-1860 • “Cotton Is King”

33. Women in the Workforce/Child Labor • Mechanization of American industry leads to high demand for labor • Women and children now used as labor source • Many strikes against injustices of work environment

34. Transportation Revolution • Erie Canal – first canal in America, opened 1825 in upstate NY; connected New York City to the Great Lakes region • Rise of the “Iron Horse” – railroads revolutionize transportation in America; could be built almost anywhere • Connected the nation in ways never before seen • South connected to North; interdependency of the economies • Development of specialization (each part of the country specialized in producing only certain products)

35. Railroad Map of 1860 • Majority of railroads, canals and roads developed in the West (PA,OH,IN,IL) and Northeast • South lacks sufficient transportation system. This will play a MAJOR factor in the outcome of the Civil War