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NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires

NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires. SUPERQUIZ Section II – PART 5 13 questions – 32.5%. The Tools of Empire. The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (Excerpts ) By Daniel R.Headrick. Momentous consequences.

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NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires

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  1. NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICSNineteenth-Century Empires SUPERQUIZ Section II – PART 5 13 questions – 32.5%

  2. The Tools of Empire The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (Excerpts) By Daniel R.Headrick

  3. Momentous consequences • Two events of the 19th century had momentous consequences for the entire world • European domination and exploitation of ____________and ________________ • the power and progress of _______________________ • _______________________ • traces the connections between these two events • Historians up to now have only studied these occurrences separately instead of in tandem Asia Africa industrial technology Daniel Headrick

  4. New imperialism • European imperialism of the 19th century differed in its extent and legacy from previous forms of imperialism • Called _____________________ • In 1800, Europeans controlled or occupied ________of the land surface of the world • _____ by 1878 • _____ by1914 new imperialism 35% 67% 84%

  5. New imperialism • The British Empire alone experienced substantial increases in influence in the 19th century • In 1800: British empire • ________million square miles and • Population: ______________ • During the 19th Century • The amount of land increased _____________ • the population jumped by _____________ 1.5 20 million 7x 2,000 %

  6. Legacy of New Imperialism • The legacy of new imperialism is hard to quantify • European religious and political ideas marginally remain in Asia and Africa • These ideas are modern equivalents of • Hadrian’s Wall • the Mosque of Cordoba

  7. The Triumph of Europe technology ideology • The real triumph of European civilization has been ___________________ not ________________ • Europeans have prevailed in • plastics, • electricity, • printing presses, • radio, • vaccines, • aircraft, • napalm, and • ships • Very few people currently live without industrial products • The Western conquest of the world with industrial technology remains unchallenged

  8. The Triumph of Europe • The European technological triumph began in the 19th century • Europeans wove their technology into their expanding European empires • Connections between technology and history must be studied from both a technological and a historical viewpoint • The history of technology remains a popular form of literature • Bookstores often offer a wide variety of books detailing histories of cars, planes, guns, and furniture • Most of these books are ________________histories • compilations of facts and pictures but are separated from their historical context hardware

  9. HISTORY & TECHNOLOGY causes, development, consequences • The social history of technology aims at comprehending the ________,___________, and _____________of technology • Social historians take a piece of technology and examine it in this view • e.g.,“Howdid firearms change warfare during the late Middle Ages?” • Reversing these questions also yields insight into the historical process • Examining how technological forces shaped the development of a particular historical phenomenon is an important skill • Historians have failed to answer the question of how technological forces shaped the development of new imperialism

  10. Article Focus: The Period of Imperial Expansion • Stages: European imperialism in Asia and Africa • at different times and in different ways • KEY TECH - Europeans penetrated and explored new regions: • Steamers • quinine • KEY TECH -The conquest of indigenous peoples and the imposition of European rule followed • Rapid-firing rifles • machine guns • KEY TECH – estab. of a communications and transportation network • The Suez Canal, • colonial railroads, • steamship lines, and • submarine telegraph cables • Each of these steps involved hundreds of products and processes • Headrickfocuses on innovations which either • made imperialism possible or • cost-effective

  11. DANIEL R. HEADRICK • Headrick • Doesn’t destroy other interpretations • provokes fresh thinking • Technology = added to the list of factors that historians have explored regarding European imperialism • Imperialism sought to create ___________________ and ________________________colonies • Most territories achieved these aims prior to decolonization • The resulting economic networks and technologies that entered into the development of colonial societies must be left alone for now economically profitable politically submissive

  12. According to Headrick… DIFFERENT • ____________parts of the world experienced ____________effectsfrom technological change during the 19th century • India and Africa were much more affected than Persia or China; the KEY = • The proximity • The attention • Headrickgives to different world regions is representative of the attention that Europeans gave those same regions in the 19th century DIFFERENT

  13. The European Penetration of Africa:EARLY EXPLORATION Portugal • _________________ - coast of Africa in the 1430s • remained the dark continent for 350 + years • The interior of Africa often blank on maps • Europeans chose to explore and conquer • the Americas, • Oceania, and • Asia • Little motivation to penetrate Africa prior to the 19th century • Slave traders sought no disruptions to their profitable operations • Merchants had little evidence of the profitability of penetrating Africa • The penetration of Africa resulted from • missionary and • abolitionist movements against the slave trade

  14. European Penetration of Africa means plateaus • Europeans lacked the ___________ to penetrate Africa • Entering Africa had to be done in dugout canoes or on foot • A series of _______________covers most of Africa • Rivers flow through a series of __________________from the highlands to the sea • Mangrove swamps and ___________________line African coasts • Animal • trypanosomiasis • nagana ….kill off pack animals in African tropical regions • Europeans, however, had explored the Americas with primitive transportation means • Disease • The effect of European steamships did not have an impact on Africa until decades after their arrival • H.G. Wells could have been writing about it in ______________ • aliens invade Earth in futuristic vehicles142 • As the aliens are about to conquer Earth, an invisible _______________forces them to flee waterfalls sandbars War of the Worlds microbe

  15. Portuguese Expeditions Diego Cão • Portuguesecaptain _________sent an expedition up the ____________River • Casualties reached such high levels within a few days thatCãocancelled the expedition • Francisco _________ led a voyage up the ____________ valley in ________ • The objective was to establish contact with the kingdom of __________________ • _____________________ claimed the cattle and horses miles upriver • The men contracted _________________ • African or part-African agents carried on Portuguese communications with the Zambezi valley until _____ CONGO Baretto Zambezi 1569 Monomotapa Trypanosomiasis malaria 1835

  16. Early European Expeditions 132 • _____ out of 152 Europeans died during William _____ exploration of __________ Bay • This journey lasted from _______ to ________ • Mungo _____ _______ expedition of the upper _______River led to the death of all Europeans involved • Captain James ________ led a party up the ________ River from ______ to _____ • _____ of the 54 Europeans on the voyage died Bolt’s Delagoa 1777 1779 Park’s 1805 Niger Tuckey Congo 1816 1817 19

  17. Disease did not restrain European attempts to explore Africa • Each generation: new explorers willing to risk death in order to explore the unknown regions • 19th century: New reasons to explore Africa • A resurgence of Christian mission work, • the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, and • scientific research funded by the wealthy provided ample motivation to enter Africa

  18. Macgregor Laird Nigeria • played a key role in opening _________to Britain • son of shipbuilder ___________Laird whose • early _____s: firm began building iron steamboats • Macgregor was 23 • Macgregor did not want to remain the junior partner in a struggling business • A restless spirit of exploration stirred him • scientific curiosity, • missionary fervor, and • commercial hope William 1830

  19. EXPLORING the NIGER RIVER 1832 • In _____: Laird’s explores the Niger River • _________________had reached the upper reaches of the river in the first decade of the 19th century • Park reached the __________ Rapids • Brothers Richard and John ___________ traveled downriver in a canoe in 1830 • first ventured north from Lagos • proved that the Niger River and____Riverwere the same river • The Niger River flows into the ________________through a mangrove swamp • Laird realized that a steamer carrying a cargo of trade up the Niger River could open up a large section of Africa to British influence Mungo Park Bussa Lander Does that make them “Waters?” Oil Bight of Benin

  20. Laird realized steamer’s potentialNiger River trade could open up a large section of Africa to British influence …and datsDEtruff! ‘‘[This journey will please] those who look upon the opening of Central Africa to the enterprise and capital of British merchants as likely to create new and extensive __________ markets for our manufactured goods, and fresh sources whence to draw our supplies; and those who, viewing mankind as one great _________, consider it their duty to raise their fellow creatures from their present DE________, DE_________________, and DE______________ state, nearer to Him in whose image they were created. markets family graded nationalized moralized

  21. The African Inland Commercial Company established “for the commercial development of the recent discoveries of the brothers __________ on the River Niger” • founded by • __________________and • __________ merchants • The treasury refused to grant the company a __________ and a charter, but these setbacks did not slow down the company • ___________Lander was hired to lead the expedition Lander Macgregor Laird Liverpool subsidy Richard

  22. The African Inland Commercial Co.’s THREE SHIPS: • The brig_____________- storeship • Steamships • Quorra • Alburkah COLUMBINE

  23. Quorra – • the larger steamship of the journey • ________ and __________ built the ship out of ____________ • measured _______by _______ feet • drew _______ feet on the river and _____ feet at sea • __________-horsepower engine • needed a _____-man crew • carried a _____-pound swivel gun, an ___-pound carronade, and 8 ____-pound carriage guns, as well as plenty of handguns Seddon Langley wood 112 16 5 1/2 7 40 26 24 18 4

  24. The Alburkah • M. Laird built the smaller steamship Alburkah • The boat measured ___by ___feet • drew _____feet ____ inches • made ofiron except for the deck • Powered by a _____-horsepower _________ and ___________ engine • crew of _______men • Firepower aplenty! • In addition to handguns, • a _____-pounder and • Six ____-pounder swivel guns 70 13 4 9 15 Fawcett Preston 14 9 1

  25. The expedition reached the Niger delta without incident • left the ____________ in the Bight of ________, continuing upriver in the two steamers • Laird hoped to found a trading post at the convergence of the Niger and _________ Rivers • sought to buy _________ at low prices Columbine Benin Benue palm oil

  26. EVALUATION of LAIRD’s EXPEDITION • steamerssucceeded in navigating the Niger River • Laird earned his reputation as • an explorer and innovator • The expedition as a whole failedto accomplish its ___________ and _____________objectives • Only______outof the 48 Europeans survived the African diseases • Laird returned in a weakened state to England in ______ • He never fully recovered his health CULTURAL COMMERCIAL 9 Jan. 1834

  27. 2.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57) • 1. List two momentous events of the nineteenth century according to Headrick. • -industrialization • -colonization of Asia and Africa

  28. 2.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57) • 2. List two ways in which the “new” imperialism of the nineteenth century was different according to Headrick. • -its extent • -its legacy

  29. 2.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57) • 3. According to Headrick, the goal of imperialism was to create colonies that were • -politically submissive • -economically profitable

  30. 2.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57) • 4. Headrick writes that the three stages of imperialism were • -penetration and exploration by first European travelers • -conquest of indigenous peoples • -forging of communication and transportation networks

  31. 2.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57) • 5. Key technologies in phase one were • -steamers • -prophylactic use of quinine

  32. 2.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57) • 6. The key technologies in phase two were • -rapid-firing rifles • -machine guns

  33. 2.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57) • 7. The key technologies in phase three were • Steamship lines • Suez canal • submarine telegraph cables • colonial railroads

  34. 2.18 LISTING (pp. 55-57) • 8. Macgregor was motivated by • -missionary fervor • -scientific curiosity • -commercial hope

  35. 2.19 MATCHING (pp. 56-57) F G a. Diogo Cao b. Francisco Barreto c. William Bolts d. Mungo Park e. Capt. James Tuckey f. William Laird g. Macgregor Laird _____ 1. Scottish shipbuilder _____ 2. founder of the African Inland Commercial Company who led an expedition up the Niger River without incident until most of them died of disease _____ 3. explorer who led an expedition up the Zambezi River where many of his men succumbed to malaria in 1569 _____ 4. Portuguese captain whose men died in great numbers exploring the Congo River in 1485 _____ 5. 1777-1779 expedition leader at Delagoa Bay where 132 out of 152 Europeans died _____ 6. leader of 1816-1817 exploring party up the Congo River in which 19 out of 54 Europeans died _____ 7. leader of a 1805 venture into the upper Niger River which resulted in the death of all Europeans present B A C E D

  36. 2.20 FILL IN THE BLANK (p. 57) • You’re cordially invited to join us on a monumental journey led by _______________________. On our passage, the ship _______________________ will be used as a storeship and two ______________________ will also accompany us up the __________________ . Richard Lander Columbine steamers Niger River

  37. 2.20 FILL IN THE BLANK (p. 57) • The larger of the two steamers, the ___________________, is made of wood and was constructed by ____________ and ___________. She measures 112 x 16 feet and is powered by a ____________ - horsepower engine. Altogether _________ men will sail on the Quorra, which will be armed with a 24-pound swivel gun, eight 4-pound carriage guns, and an 18-pound carronade, a small cannon. Quorra Seddon Lander 26 40

  38. 2.20 FILL IN THE BLANK (p. 57) • The smaller of the two ships built by _______________________, son of the great shipbuilder _______________________, is called the _______________________. She is 70 x 13 feet and carries a crew of ______the Quorra, which is made of ______________, the Alburkahis made almost entirely from ______________, except for the deck. She has a 15-horsepower Fawcett and Preston engine and carries a 9-pounder and six 1-pounder ____________ guns. Macgregor Laird William Laird Alburkah 14 wood steel swivel

  39. 2.20 FILL IN THE BLANK (p. 57) • The previous travels of Richard and John Landers prove that a steamer like ours sailing up river with a cargo of trade will open up an immense part of Africa to the commerce and influence of Great Britain. Join us on our great adventure!

  40. A substantial number of Europeans traded along the coasts of Africa prior to the mid 19th century • The British government stationed a fleet along the West African coast after __________ • This attempt to end the slave trade searched slaving ships suspected of carrying human cargo • The British placed small ___________throughout the coast to enforce the abolitionist goal • Christian missions popped up along the Africancoasts 1807 army units

  41. AFRICAN DISEASES & MORTALITY RATES • All of these Europeans fell ill from African diseases • Statistics regarding mortality rates of British _______________ in West Africa are more plentiful than the rates among _________________ • British troops were stationed in their posts as _________________ became important to Western society • Military criminals and offenders constituted the __________________________ • men traded their ____ sentences for military service in Africa • This swap often constituted a death sentence • The Royal African Corps covered ground from the __________ to the _____________ military personnel slave traders recordkeeping Royal African Corps. jail Gambia Gold Coast

  42. 1840 MEDICAL ARTICLE on troops in Africa • The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine • an _____ article concerning the health of these troops in Africa 1840

  43. TROOPS in SIERRA LEONE 890 • From 1819 to 1836, _____ of the 1,843 troops who served in Sierra Leone died • _________of soldiers • ________worst year for British soldiers in Sierra Leone • ______ out of the 571 men • _________died from disease • The size of the Sierra Leone force decreased by more than ______each year, despite the constant arrival of men 48.3 % 1825 447 78.3 % 100

  44. THE GOLD COAST • The Gold Coast proved just as deadly as Sierra Leone • _______ of Europeans who arrived between 18__ and 18__ died in Africa • ______ of the 224 men died in 1824 • ______of white soldiers sent to West Africa died • Another __________ became invalids • Only _______of white soldiers returned “fit for future service” 2/3 23 27 221 77 % 21 % 2 %

  45. CAUSES of MORTALITY - Misunderstood • The authors of the 1840 article did not understand the causes of the high mortality rates • The writers did not blame ______________________for contracting diseases • ___________could not take the blame • Dry and windy stations produced as much death as stations next to marshes • The authors faulted _____ fever and __________ fever • The article also featured the death rates of white missionaries to Africa • _____ such men ventured to West Africa between 1804 and 1835 • _______of these men died of disease, while 14 more returned in poor health the men themselves Climate Yellow intermittent 89 54

  46. West Indians vs. Europeans 1/10 • West Indians only experienced a mortality rate ____ of the white mortality rate • This rate still was double the disease mortality rate of native Africans • An epidemic from 18___ to 18___ in the Gambia killed ______ out of 399 whites • Only ________in 40 to 50 West Indians perished • Yellow fever likely caused this epidemic • Many West Indians had developed a resistance to this disease endemic to the West Indies • By _____, the British government stopped sending white troops to West Africa • Only a half dozen white ___________ arrived in the region to lead West Indian troops 25 26 276 1 1830 sergeants

  47. Philip Curtin: CHARTMAN! • Faster than a speeding CRAY! • More accurate than, well….Rush Limbaugh! • Sees dead people and loves counting them!

  48. Philip Curtin : British personnel mortality rates

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