Levels of Organization in Ecosystems: Understanding Interactions and Energy Flow

1. Chapter 3 The Biosphere

2. Interest Grabber Levels Within Levels Section 3-1 • An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. Within an ecosystem, there are several levels of organization. Your school and its grounds are similar to an ecosystem. Go to Section:

3. Section 3-1 Interest Grabber continued • 1. What living things are found in and around your school? • 2. What nonliving things are found in your school? • 3. Into what large groups are the students in your school divided? • 4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups divided? • 5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller groups? If so, what are these groups? Go to Section:

4. Section Outline Section 3-1 • 3–1 What Is Ecology? A. Interactions and Interdependence B. Levels of Organization C. Ecological Methods 1. Observing 2. Experimenting 3. Modeling Go to Section:

5. I.What is Ecology? Ecology A.Interactions and Interdependence • __________________-scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings. • _________came up with term ecology based on house and economy. • The largest unit is the ______________________ which contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists,inc. water and atmosphere. • Web of interactions in biosphere as organisms and environment ,which are interdependent Haeckel Biosphere

6. B.Levels of Organization species • 1)_______________level studies interactions between specific organism and surroundings 2)individuals belong to the same species and live in same area. • 3)________________-groups of different populations living in the same area • 4)__________________-collection of all the organisms living in particular place+ nonliving parts • 5)_______________-group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities population communities ecosystem Biome

7. Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization Section 3-1

8. C. EcologicalMethods • Observing-example What species live here?how many?... • Experimenting- • An _______________________ may test a hypothesis in a lab • field studies in natural ecosystems • Modeling may be done because phenomena may occur over a long time/may use mathematical formulas Artificial environment

9. Field site Experimental plots, field sites, laboratory Many sites for data collecting Tapes, compass, Global Positioning System, thermometer, sensors Tapes, compass, Global Positioning System, thermometer, sensors Aerial views, Global Positioning System, weather balloons Binoculars, microscope, telescope Satellite images Binoculars, microscope, telescope Notes, automated data storage Notes, automated data storage Automated data storage Test kits Test kits Large database, multiple sensors Mathematical analysis and graphics, statistics Mathematical analysis and graphics, statistics Mathematical analysis and graphics, statistics, simulations Compare/Contrast Table Section 3-1 Ecological Methods Observation Experiment Model Building Sites Measuring Tools Magnifying Tools Written Record Chemical Testing Computer/ Calculators Go to Section:

10. Interest Grabber Pass It Along Section 3-2 • Energy flows in one direction through an ecosystem, from the sun or inorganic compounds to producers (organisms that can make their own food) through various levels to consumers (organisms that rely on other organisms for food). Your body gets the energy and materials it needs for growth and repair from the foods you eat. Go to Section:

11. Interest Grabber continued Section 3-2 • 1. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat. Indicate whether the food • comes from a plant (producer) or an animal (consumer). • 2. Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which are seeds. Where do seeds • come from? • 3. Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle eat? • 4. Construct a diagram showing how one of your favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as many levels as you can. Go to Section:

12. Sec • 1. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat. Indicate whether the food • comes from a plant (producer) or an animal (consumer). • 2. Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which are seeds. Where do seeds • come from? • 3. Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle eat? • 4. Construct a diagram showing how one of your favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as many levels as you can. Go to Section:

13. II. Energy Flow • A. Producers • ____________-main source of energy for all life on earth • Only <_____% of the sunlight is used by living things ,yet this produces much energy • Some organisms use the energy stored in organic compounds-eg. In _____________and undersea vents Hot springs sun 1%

14. Energy Flow cont’d • Only ____________________ can take (derive) energy directly from the sun or inorganic compounds…..These are called ____________________,which use the energy from the environment to fuel the assembly of simple inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules….finally forming tissue • Because they can make their own food,autotrophs are called __________________. • Both types of producers---those that get energy from sunlight and those that derive energy from inorganic compounds are essential to the biosphere. Plants,some algae and certain bacteria autotrophs producers

15. A. Producers cont’d • 1) Energy from the sun: • Get energy from _______________that converts CO2 and H2O into O2 and glucose,using light energy…..responsible for O2 we breath • On land _______are the main autotrophs and and ______________are the main autotrophs under the water,at the upper layers. • In tidal flats and salt marshes,photosynthetic bacteria called _________are the main autotrophs plants photosynthesis cyanobacteria algae

16. Light energy CO2+ H20------------carbs + O2

17. 2. Life w/o Light: • Rely on chemical bonds of such inorganic molecules as hydrogen sulfide • ______________is when chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates---performed by several type of bacteria • In volcanic vents on the deep ocean floor and hot springs chemosynthesis

19. Consumers-also called ____________________rely on other organisms for their food supplyTypes: heterotrophs • 1)_______________eat only plants.eg-cows,caterpillars and deer • 2)______________eat animals—eg-snakes and owls • 3)__________________-eat both plants and animals • eg-humans,bears • 4)________________________eat plant animal remains,and other dead matter • called detritus—eg-earthworms and snails herbivores detrovites carnivores omnivores

21. II.cont’d( beginning w/B-5) _______________________-break down organic matter---eg. Bacteria and fungi Decomposers

22. C. Feeding Relationships energy • ____________ flows through an ecosystem in one direction,from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs(producers) and then to various heterotrophs(consumers) .These relationships create feeding networks: 1. The energy stored by producers can be passed through an ecosystem along a ___________________-a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten…shows one way flow of energy Food chains

23. Food Chains

24. Food Chains zooplankton The animal plankton above is________________________,which devour the phytoplankton and are ,in turn, eaten by small fish.

25. 2. ________________________-complex feeding interactions are shown. These show more complex relationships.Producers are either eaten or complete life cycle. Herbivores,omnivores,carivores and producers decompose,turning into detritus,by decomposers and devoured by detritivores and also by consumers. Food webs

28. 3. Each step in a food chain or food web is __________________________Each consumer depends on the trophic level below for energy. Called a trophic level

29. 4. Ecological Pyramids-shows the relative amount of matter contained w/in each trophic level being a chain or web…There are 3 types: • Energy Pyramid-Only about __% of the energy available in one trophic level is transferred to the next…most is released into environment…..only about 1% transferred to humans….the more trophic levels ,the ____energy at the top. 10% less

30. Biomass Pyramid-represents amount food available @ level • Total amount of living tissue in a trophic level=________________ • expressed in g/unit area • Pyramid of Numbers –based on number of individual organisms at each trophic level. biomass

31. Ecological Pyramids Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat. Section 3-2 Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level. Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid. Go to Section:

32. III. Cycles of Matter • Matter is cycled within and without an ecosystem • Matter is passed from one organism to another through_______________ Biochemical cycles

33. Evaporation Transpiration The Water Cycle Section 3-3 Condensation Precipitation Runoff Seepage Root Uptake Watergas in EVAPORATION and water enters the air from leaves in TRANSPIRATION Go to Section:

34. All the chemical substances an organism needs for life is a ______________/to build tissues and carry out cell functions Nutrient

35. 4 main types of processes move C through its cycle • Biological processes like Photosynthesis,respiration and decomposition take up and release C and O2 • Geochemical processes,such as erosion and volcanos release CO2 into the atmosphere and oceans. • Mixed Biochemical processes-burial and decomposition and conversion into coal and petroleum store underground C. • Human activities like mining ,cutting and burning forests and fossil fuels release CO2 in the air.

36. Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle Section 3-3 CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Go to Section:

37. Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle N2 in Atmosphere NO3- and NO2- NH3 N needed for amino acids and proteins Go to Section:

38. N-fixing bacteria from roots of legumes convert N gas into ammonia in Nitrogen Fixation,also into nitrates and nitrites.Producers use them to make proteins.This is then usable by the consumers to make their own proteins. Denitrification is when organisms die and decomposers return it to soil as ammonia.Other soil bacteria convert Nitrates into N gas,releasing N into air again

39. P forms part of DNA and RNA

40. Nutrient Limitation • Primary productivity is _________________________. • Available nutrients affect this. • When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient it is called a______________. • Algal blooms occur due to the increase in a nutrient.the algae may cover the surface of the water and block the sun Rate @ which organic matter is created by producers Limiting nutrient

41. Algal Blooms