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Memory

Memory. Short-Term Memory activated memory that holds a few items briefly look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten Long-Term Memory the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system Memory Championships, pi , test your memory.

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Memory

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  1. Memory • Short-Term Memory • activated memory that holds a few items briefly • look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten • Long-Term Memory • the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system • Memory Championships, pi, test your memory

  2. Memory • Sensory Memory • the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system • Working Memory • focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information

  3. Attention to important or novel information Sensory input Encoding External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Encoding Retrieving A Simplified Memory Model

  4. Encoding • Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables • TUV ZOF GEK WAV • the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 • Spacing Effect • distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice

  5. Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 20 15 10 5 0 8 16 24 32 42 53 64 Number of repetitions of list on day 1 Encoding

  6. 90 Percentage of words recalled 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Position of word in list Encoding: Serial Position Effect Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list

  7. What Do We Encode? • Semantic Encoding • encoding of meaning • including meaning of words • Acoustic Encoding • encoding of sound • especially sound of words • Visual Encoding • encoding of picture images

  8. Encoding

  9. Encoding (automatic or effortful) Meaning (semantic Encoding) Imagery (visual Encoding) Organization Chunks Hierarchies Encoding • Hierarchies • complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

  10. Chunking…

  11. Storage:Sensory Memory • Iconic Memory • a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli • a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second • Tests of George Sperling • Echoic Memory • momentary (3-4 sec) sensory memory of auditory stimuli

  12. Percentage who recalled consonants 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Storage:Short-Term Memory • Short-Term Memory • limited in duration and capacity • “magical” number 7+/-2 (Miller, 1956)

  13. Storage:Long-Term Memory • How does storage work? • Karl Lashley (1950) – Searching for “engrams” • rats learn maze • lesion cortex • test memory • Synaptic changes – “The Brain” Clip • Long-term Potentiation (LTP) • increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation • Strong emotions make for stronger memories

  14. Stress Hormones and Memory • Stress hormones aide memory • Hormone surge alert brain that something important has happened. • Physical or psychological pain, trauma create surge • Rat study – shot of hormones with a leg shock • Creates a very strong memory • Biological evidence for why emotional memories are stronger.

  15. Stress Hormones and Memory • Stress hormones block and destroy memory • Prolonged stress corrodes neural connections • Memories can be blocked by stress hormones • Rats trying to find a hidden target • Public speaking

  16. Storage:Long-Term Memory • Amnesia--the loss of memory • Retrograde Amnesia – mass forgetting of old information • Antrograde Amnesia – inability to form new memories • Oliver Sacks – “Jimmie” (earth from the moon example), H.M., Clive Wearing • Childhood Amnesia – Why? (3 min) • Amnesiacs demonstrate 2 forms of memory…

  17. Storage:Long-Term Memory • Amnesiacs • Deny having seen an article and then read it faster • Deny abilities to solve puzzle then complete it easily • Childhood Amnesia – must have implicit memory in tact • Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory) • memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” • Episodic Memory – personally experienced events • Semantic Memory – facts, general knowledge • Implicit Memory (Non-declarative Memory) • retention independent of conscious recollection • Skills (procedural memory), classical-conditioned responses

  18. Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems

  19. Hippocampus Storage:Long-Term Memory • hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage • Processes explicit memories – then sent to multiple different regions.

  20. Storage:Long-Term Memory • Cerebellum • Process implicit memories Ex: classical- conditioned eye- blink disappears when you remove cerebellum

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